پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 31 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 742 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,037 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 10,140,058 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,815,187 |
Radon transfer from water to milk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| مقاله 4، دوره 16، شماره 3، آذر 2018، صفحه 241-248 اصل مقاله (619.66 K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/cjes.2018.3064 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| نویسندگان | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M Mansour Bahmany1؛ A Vakili1؛ M Danesh Mesgaran1؛ M.R Rezaie Rayeni2؛ E Rezvan Nejhad3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3Departments of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| چکیده | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Radon, as naturally occurring radioactive gas, is responsible for 50% of the total background radiations in human. Radon gas is able to enter to human body through eating and drinking. So, measurement of received radiation in the human body is essential. In this study, the presence of radon in milk and its dose was examined. This experiment was conducted using 12 Rayeni goats which have been categorized in a completely randomized design by 4 treatments and 3 replication (Treatment A = Radon-containing water + zero antioxidant, Treatment B = Radon-containing water + antioxidant, Treatment C = healthy water + antioxidant, Treatment D = healthy water+ zero antioxidant). The experiment was prolonged for 60 days. During the experiment the goats were milked every day. The samples were transferred to laboratory to determine the milk compounds and properties, as well as to measure its radon level. Presence of radon in milk was detected using Rad7 device. The averaged radon concentration in milk samples (for treatments A and B) receiving radon was about 126 Bq m-3. There was no significant difference between protein. But there was a significant difference between the percentages of fat, lactose, total antioxidant capacity and the number of somatic cells. Radon did not change pH and Malondialdehyde contents of the treatments. We also determined annual received radon dose per person from drinking milk. It was different among age groups. Newborns were at higher risk of internal radon exposure from contaminated milk. Radon can enter thelivestock milk. According to our findings, with, this radon amount in milk was not higher than the allowable level in valid resources for human health. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Radon؛ Milk؛ Antioxidant؛ Effective Dose | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| اصل مقاله | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
[Research]
Radon transfer from water to milk
Mansour Bahmany M.1, Vakili A.1*, Danesh Mesgaran M.1, Rezaie Rayeni M.R.2, Rezvan Nejhad E.3
1- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2-Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran 3- Departments of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and HighTechnology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
*Corresponding Author E-mail: savakili@um.ac.ir (Received: March 06. 2018 Accepted: July 07. 2018) ABSTRACT Radon, as naturally occurring radioactive gas, is responsible for 50% of the total background radiations in human. Radon gas is able to enter to human body through eating and drinking. So, measurement of received radiation in the human body is essential. In this study, the presence of radon in milk and its dose was examined. This experiment was conducted using 12 Rayeni goats which have been categorized in a completely randomized design by 4 treatments and 3 replication (Treatment A = Radon-containing water + zero antioxidant, Treatment B = Radon-containing water + antioxidant, Treatment C = healthy water + antioxidant, Treatment D = healthy water+ zero antioxidant). The experiment was prolonged for 60 days. During the experiment the goats were milked every day. The samples were transferred to laboratory to determine the milk compounds and properties, as well as to measure its radon level. Presence of radon in milk was detected using Rad7 device. The averaged radon concentration in milk samples (for treatments A and B) receiving radon was about 126 Bq m-3. There was no significant difference between protein. But there was a significant difference between the percentages of fat, lactose, total antioxidant capacity and the number of somatic cells. Radon did not change pH and Malondialdehyde contents of the treatments. We also determined annual received radon dose per person from drinking milk. It was different among age groups. Newborns were at higher risk of internal radon exposure from contaminated milk. Radon can enter thelivestock milk. According to our findings, with, this radon amount in milk was not higher than the allowable level in valid resources for human health.
Key words: Radon, Milk, Antioxidant, Effective Dose.
INTRODUCTION Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of uranium, thorium and radium in the soil. Stable isotope of 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days (Negarestani & Hashemi, 2011). Radon has harmful radiations for humans. There are natural and artificial radiations from radioactive substances in human environment. Human is exposed to radioactive radiations in both natural and artificial forms (Jalali Farahani & Zoolfaghari 2009). According to previous studies, less than 10% of annual radiations for one man, are from artificial sources and the rest are from natural ones (Charles 2001). Radon gas alone is responsible for over 50% of received natural radiations. The harmful effects of radon, such as cancer and genetic disorders, have been frequently reported by researchers (ICRP 2009). On the other hand, according to calculations, one/eight (1/8) of the received effective dose of all natural radiations for each person, comes from consumed food (Laxen 1981). Milk, has a special importance among types of foods, as it is one of the main nutritional sources for all human, specifically newborns – regardless of sex (Zain 2013). Some studies on dairy sciences, have reported the presence of radionuclides in milk (Ward 1989), but none of them is a comprehensive study on the radon presence in milk. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the presence of radon in milk and its impacts on milk compounds. Moreover, this study investigated the effect of antioxidants on the reduction of produced free radicals by radon (Mansourbahmani et al. 2013; Ghoochani et al. 2014). It was also aimed to determine the radiation dose per person from drinking radon-containing milk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted to investigate radon transfer from water to milk and its effects on milk compounds, as well as to investigate the effects of a strong antioxidant on radon in milk. So that, 12 Rayeni goats were kept for 60 days. During the experiment, the goats were drunk radon-containing water provided from the Sirch hot spring in Kerman, Iran. The radon level in water was recorded every day and its average amount was 8325 Bq m-3. To ensure the inhalation of radon-free air, the goats were kept in an outdoor area. In addition, the vitamin E and selenium supplement was used, as a powerful antioxidant, for treatments B and C to determine the influence of antioxidants on negative impacts of radon (Sakoda et al. 2010). This experiment included four treatments as follows: Treatment A = radon-containing water + zero antioxidant Treatment B = radon-containing water + antioxidant (vitamin E and Se) Treatment C = healthy water + antioxidant (vitamin E and Se) Treatment D = healthy water + zero antioxidant Milk samples were obtained in three stages on the 50th, 55th, and 60th days. After milking the goats, the milk samples were transferred to laboratory in sealed tubes in ice. Afterwards, the samples were investigated in terms of radon impacts on their compounds and properties (% fat, % protein, and % lactose; the number of somatic cells; total antioxidant capacity (TAC); malondialdehyde (MDA), and pH). Milk compounds were measured using Milkoscan device. Somatic cells (SC) were counted by Somatos system. TAC and MDA levels were evaluated using FRAP and Thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry respectively (Mohammadi Abgharmi et al. 1999; Zarban et al. 2007). The radon level in milk was detected by Rad7 system (Abojassim et al. 2014). Rad7 is a system designed by Durridge Company in USA, for the measurement of radon concentration. Besides, was studied the effect of a strong antioxidant (vitamin E and selenium) on the radon-contaminated milk compounds and properties. Vitamin E and selenium supplements was used according to the printed instructions on the medicine box. Transfer coefficient of radon-to-milk was obtained using formula 1, which is widely being used to describe radionuclide passage to milk (Ward & Johnson 1986; Ward 1989).
Daily radon intake was obtained from multiplying feedstuff concentration (Bq kg-1) by feed intake (kg d-1). Water consumption per goat was considered 4 L (daily). Since the density of water is very similar to that of milk, each kilogram of milk was considered equivalent to one kilogram of water Annual effective dose per person from drinking radon-containing milk (126 Bq m-3) was calculated, using formula 2 (Ahmad & Suhaimi Jaafar 2015; Mittal et al. 2016). E= C.D.L.T (2) Where E is annual effective dose (μSvBq−1), C is` radon concentration (Bq/m3) and D is dose coefficient at different ages in the whole body, which is equal to 23☓10-3 μSvBq−1 for below 2 years, 5.9☓10-3 μSvBq−1 for 2-16 years, and 3.5☓10-3 μSvBq−1 for over 17 years; L = daily intake (1l/d) and T is time (365 days)
RESULTS Radon in milk: This experiment was designed to obtain more accurate and comprehensive data concerning the radon transfer from drinking water to livestock milk. The results showed that ingested radon in drinking water can appear in milk (Table 1). Radon transfer coefficient to milk (in treatments A and B) was calculated according to formula (1) and was demonstrated in Table (1). Effect of radon on compounds of milk: A significant difference was observed among different treatments in fat content. There was a significant difference between the treatments in protein content too, which was lower in treatment D than the other treatments, suggesting that radon cannot reduce its content in milk. There was also a significant difference of lactose content in different treatments. So that, treatment A had the highest lactose content, while treatment D had the least respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference in pH of different treatments (Table 2). Investigation about the radon effect on somatic cells (SC), as an important indicator of milk quality, was showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments. Treatments A and B had greater number of somatic cells than treatments C and D (Table 2).
Table 1. The amount of radon in water and milk, and its transfer coefficient to milk.
Different letters in each row represents the significant difference (P < 0.05).
Table 2. Qualitative specifications of milk in different treatments.
Different letters in each row represents the significant difference (P < 0.05)
Effects of vitamin E and Se on harmful effects of radon: In the present study, the effect of vitamin E and Se, was investigated as an antioxidant, on reduction of produced free radicals by radon in milk. Total antioxidant
capacity index (TAC) was employed to examine the amount of free radicals in milk. Results showed significant differences in the treatments. The lowest, middle and highest total antioxidant capacity were observed in treatments A, B and C, respectively. According to these findings, radon can produce free radicals in milk (Table 3). Malondialdehyde (MDA): Results showed no significant difference between the treatments (Table 3). There was a correlation between somatic cells and radon concentration and also between somatic cells and total antioxidant capacity (Table 4). Effective dose: The effective dose was measured using formula 2, the results were presented in Table 5.
Table 3. TAC and MDA in milk.
Different letters in each row represents the significant difference (P < 0.05). Table 4. Correlation coefficient.
Different letters in each row represents the significant difference (P < 0.05).
Table 5. The annual effective dose for each person in different ages caused by one liter milk.
DISCUSSION Milk is an important nutrient for humans and also an important radioactive carrier in human environment (Zain 2013; Abojassim et al. 2014). Kelly et al. (2000) reported radon presence in milk of livestock in regions where nuclear weapons were tested, or in near Chernobyl zone, and even in regions with high natural radiations. Findings of the present study revealed radon presence in milk samples, such that it was detected in treatments A and B. This results were in accordance with reports of Lindell (1968), Kelly et al. (2000) and Abojassim et al. (2014). In the present study, the ratio of radon in milk/radon in water was found to be 1:65; whereas Lindell (1968) reported this ratio as 1:40. The difference may be due to factors such as milking method, interval between milking and radon measurement, livestock activity, number of respirations, the type of lactating animal and finally experiment errors. The higher animal activity reported to increase radon excretion, through an increased respiration in lungs (ICRP 2015). As shown in Table 2, treatment B which received radon-containing water, showed a higher radon concentration and also higher fat level than treatment A. It is in accordance with previous studies which reported that radon solubility in fat is as 100 times higher as in water (Lindell 1968). Results showed that the presence of radon in treatments A and B increased the number of somatic cells in milk which are associated with quality and quantity of milk and its products (Ezzat Panah et al. 1999; Welenberg et al. 2002). Somatic cells consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and dead epithelial cells in mammary glands and alveoli (Kondratov 2007). Typically, the number of somatic cells in milk is less than 200,000 cell mL-1. However, the number of somatic cells elevates considerably due to some diseases (mainly mastitis) and also activity of defensive mechanisms. Since goats was examined from the aspect of mastitis infection and other diseases, so the large number of somatic cells in treatments A and B could be attributed to radon presence in udder cells. Results showed that the number of somatic cells and radon level were correlated with each other in treatments A and B (Tables 1 - 2) and their correlation coefficient was r = 0.38. The cause of this phenomenon may be because of radon presence in udder tissue that causes damage in udder cells, and or may stimulate the immune system. However since there is no related reports, a precise and definitive conclusion requires conducting further experiments. High concentration of free radicals and their derivatives are very harmful for living organisms, because these radicals have a destructive effect on biological macromolecules of the body. According to previous studies, exposure radiations may lead to the production of free radicals in body tissues (Mansour Bahmani et al. 2014). This phenomenon causes damage to body tissues both acutely and chronically. However, the production of free radicals in the body depends on the amount of received dose, dose intensity, organ sensitivity and diffusion of free radicals in the body (Asaad & Mohammad 2010). Mansourbahmani et al. (2014) also reported that the radon, can increase the number of free radicals in milk. Nowadays, there are various methods for investigating free radicals and antioxidants. One of these methods is oxidative stress index (such as amount of lipids peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity). However, direct measurement of free radicals is not common, because of their instability and also short life span (Rumley & Paterson 1998). The total antioxidant capacity is the outcome of an interaction between all antioxidant elements with different reduction potentials, which indicates overall strength of all known and unknown antioxidants in milk, plasma, etc. Greater antioxidant capacity is associated with more desirable outcomes (Shahsavari et al. 2014). Comparison of results indicates that radon can increase the production of free radicals. The present results are in line with the report of Mansourbahmani et al. (2014), who reported an increased production of free radicals because of radon impacts. According to Table 3, vitamin E and Se supplement acted as an effective antioxidant by reducing the production of free radicals, because according to previous studies, antioxidant capacity in milk can be several times greater than the plasma concentration of mother (Ahmed et al. 2004). Comparison between the number of somatic cells and total antioxidant capacity showed a negative correlation among them (r=-0.51). In the present study, we tried to investigate the malondialdehyde level and the effects of vitamin E and Se on it (because of high solubility of radon in fat and its effect on lipids oxidation). Malondialdehyde is an important product of lipid peroxidation (Tuter et al. 2001; Guentsch et al. 2008). Therefore, malondialdehyde is known as an index of lipid peroxidation in the lipid phase (Shahsavari et al. 2014). In contrast to total antioxidant capacity, the lower malondialdehyde is a better phenomenon. Considering the fact that the treatments do not have significantly difference in malondialdehyde level, so radon can not effect on fat oxidation. If a radioactive material enters the body, internal exposure begins in the body and continues as long as radioactive material remains in the body. The amount of radiation exposure in the whole body is expressed as “effective dose”. This quantity considers not only the biological impacts of different radiations, but also those of different tissues (Jalali Farahani & Zoolfaghari 2009). Hence, calculating the received dose by the person is an important criterion and therefore, computation of the intake dose of radioactive substances is essential. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the allowable level for natural background radiation is less than 2.4 mSv year-1. In addition, radiation intake from drinking should not exceed 0.1mSv year-1 (Vucic et al. 2013). On the other hand, the effective dose allowable limit recommended by Unscear from radionuclides in milk is 200-800 μSv year-1 (Charles 2001). Therefore, since the obtained effective doses in this study were lower than allowable limit, the consumption of milk containing this amount of radon would not have a harmful effect on health. Also, results showed that harmful effects of radon within three age groups (newborns, children, and adults) was not the same. Newborns were the most sensitive in comparison with other groups.
CONCLUSION Although, radon can transfer from drinking water to milk of livestock, but this amount of radon (126 Bq m-3) is not a risk to humans. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| مراجع | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Abojassim, AAl-gazaly, H, Kadhim, S & Guida, M 2015, Natural radioactivity and radon activity concentration in canned milk samples in Iraq. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Environmental and Agricultural Science, Dubai, 354-362.
Ahmad, N & Suhaimi Jaafar, M 2015, Study of radon concentration and toxic elements in drinking and irrigated water and its implications in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8: 294–299
Ahmed, L, Islam, SKN & Islam Khan, N 2004, Vitamin C content in human milk (colostrum, transitional and mature) and serum of a sample of bangladeshi mothers. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 10: 1-4.
Asaad, HI & Mohamad, SJ 2010, Modification of human blood irradiation technique with the radon gas: Invitro Study. Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 7: 24-37.
Charles, M 2001, UNSCEAR report 2000: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Journal of Radiological Protection, 21: 83-86.
Ezzat Panah, H, Moslehi Nejhad, M, Afshar, A, Vand Yuosefi, J & Khodaie, M 1999, Effect of somatic cell on quality raw milk and products milky. Journal of Animal Science and Research, 2: 79-98.
Ghoochani, M, Barzegar, A & Asad Zadeh, R 2014, Performance review of IRFI005 the removal of free radicals inside and outside the cell. Journal of Medical Sciences of Ilam, 22: 158-166.
Guentsch, A, Preshaw, PM, Bremer, S, Glockmann, E & Siqusch, BW 2008, Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients: effect of smoking and periodontal treatment. Journal of Clinical Oral Investigation, 12: 345-352.
ICRP 2015, Occupational intakes of radionuclides: Part 1. ICRP Publication 130. Ann. ICRP 44: 5-188.
ICRP 2009, International Commission on radiological protection statement on radon. Approved by the Commission in November: 1-2.
Jalali Farahani, F & Zoolfaghari, S 2009, Study on the biological effects of ionizing radiation and methods of protection against them. 1th Ed. Blood Transfusion Organization, 7-27. [In Persian].
Kelly, AL, Tiernan, DO, Sulivan, C & Joycet, P 2000, Correlation between bovine milk somatic cell count and poly- morphonuclear leukocyte level for samples of bulk milk and milk from individual cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 88: 300-304.
Kondratov, RV 2007, A role of the circadian system and circadian proteins in aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 6: 12–27.
Laxen, DPH & Harrison, RM 1981, Cleaning methods for polyethene containers prior to the determination of trace metals in freshwater samples. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 53: 345-350.
Lindell, B 1968, Ingested radon as a source of human radiation exposure. Proceedings of International Congress on Radiation Protection, Rome, Italy.
Mansourbahmani, M, Heravi Moussavi, A, Vakili, A, Rezaiee, MR, Dehghan, HR & Rezvan Najad, E 2014, The daily radon dose in body organs caused by drinking milk and water. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 301: 653-657
Mittal, S, Rani, A & Mehra, R 2016, Estimation of radon concentration in soil and groundwater samples of northern Rajasthan, India. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 9: 125-130.
Mohammadi Abgharmi, Z, Ansari, KH, Jalali Khan Abadi, B, Mosadegh Mehrjerdi, MH & Mahdavi, M 1999, Study value of serum malondialdehyde in two ways: Spectrophotometry thiobarbitu- ric acid and high performance liquid chromatography in coronary artery disease. Urmia Medical Journal, 19: 294-289.
Negarestani, A & Hashemi, SM 2011, Effective dose rate of radon gas in Jooshan hot spring of kerman province, Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 18: 279-285.
Osibote, OA, Olomo, JB, Tchokossa, P & Balogun, FA 1999, Radioactivity in milk consumed in Nigeria 10 years after Chernobly reactor accident. Journal of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics, 422: 778–783.
Rumley, AG & Paterson, JR 1998, Analytical aspects of antioxidants and free radical activity in clinical biochemistry. Journal of Annals Clinical Biochemistry, 35: 181-200.
Sakoda, A, Ishimori, Y, Kawabei, A, Kataoka, T, Hanamoto, K & Yamaoka, K 2010, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled radon to calculate absorbed doses in mice, rats, and humans. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 8: 731–738.
Shahsavari, GH, Toolabi, A, Raoofi, A 2014, The serum levels of malondialdehyde and antioxidant capacity after taking atorvastatin in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 16: 18-26. [In Persian].
Tuter, G, Kurti, S & Serdar, M 2001, Interleukin beta and thiobarbitoric reactive substance (TBARS) levels after phase I periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis. Journal Periodontology, 72: 883-888.
Vucic, DA, Nikezic, D, Vaupotic, J, Stojanovska, Z, Krstic, D & Zunic, ZS 2013, Effective dose for real population to indoor radon in dwellings of the former uranium mine area Kalna (Eastern Serbia). Journal of Physics, 58: 336–347.
Ward, GM 1989, Recent research involving the transfer of radionuclides to milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 72: 284-287
Ward, GM & Johnson, JE 1986, Validity of the term transfer coefficient. Journal of Health Physics, 50: 411-414.
Welenberg, GJ, Vander Poel, WH, Van Oirschot, JT 2002, Viral infections and bovine mastitis: A review. Journal of Veterinary and Microbiology, 88: 27-45.
Zain, M 2013, Assessment of natural radionuclides in powdered milk consumed in Saudi Arabia and estimates of the corresponding annual effective dose. Journal of American Science, 9: 267-273.
Zarban, A, Taheri, F, Chahkandi, T & Sharif Zadeh, GH 2007, The pattern of total antioxidant capacity of breast milk during the first six months of lactation. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 17: 34-40. [In Persian]. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,041 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 747 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||