تعداد نشریات | 31 |
تعداد شمارهها | 738 |
تعداد مقالات | 6,960 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 9,889,548 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,709,242 |
Effect of black surfaces to increase the average surface temperature of the earth: A global warning! | ||
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 11، شماره 1، فروردین 2013، صفحه 19-27 اصل مقاله (546.39 K) | ||
نویسندگان | ||
S. Ehsan1؛ A.R. Atarodi*2؛ M. Kianmehr3 | ||
1, A.R. Atarodi *2, M. Kianmehr3 | ||
2S. Ehsan1, 2, M. Kianmehr3 | ||
3S. Ehsan1, A.R. Atarodi *2, | ||
چکیده | ||
Gradual increase of the Earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. This problem is progressively increasing. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the Sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. In this descriptive and cross-sectional research, black surfaces in Gonabad city and the average heat absorption in amount and the increase in average heat absorption due to these surfaces were calculated by physical formula. To date, we used the information obtained from Gonabad Isallobars Office (GIO) and other related offices in the region (from 1980-2009) and performed a simple experiment to support our claim. Many factors were found to be the cause of the increase in average surface temperature of earth, such as increase in black surfaces. These surfaces appear not only on residential buildings but also on roads which have increased (637%) during this 30-year period in Gonabad city. It was calculated that 864 m3 of the air should be replaced to cool 1 m2 of the black surfaces. The average heat of the land surface in desert cities seems to increase rapidly. Therefore, it deserves much attention on the part of local managers and city officials to design plans and make some decisions for reducing or alleviating the problem as soon as possible. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Global warming؛ Climate Change؛ Black Surfaces؛ Heat Absorption؛ Gonabad | ||
مراجع | ||
Bowler, E. D., Buyung-Ali L., Knight T. M., Pullin S. A. (2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence, Review Article. Landscape Urban Planning 97(3): 147-155.
Byers, R. (1998) General Meteorology. 1st ed. Translated by: Tajeddin Banihashem, Behrouz Hajebi and Reza Behroozian. Iran, Tehran: Academic Publishing Center [In Persian]
Devisti H., Motamed M. K. (2012) Environmental and socio-economic impacts of drought from the viewpoint of Guilan paddy farmers, north Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 10(2): 227-235.
Dincer, I. (2000) Is it Global Warming or Global Warning? International Journal of Global Warming. Canada, University of Ontario: 1-4. Gonabad Housing Foundation (2009) Annual reports and statistics. Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi, , Iran. [In Persian]
Gonabad Isallobars' Office (2009) Annual reports and statistics. Gonabad, , Khorasan Razavi,, Iran. [In Persian] Gonabad Roads Office (2009) Annual reports and statistics. Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. [In Persian]
Gonabad Municipality (2009) Annual reports and statistics. Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. [In Persian] Halliday, D., Resnick, R., Kenneth, K. S. (2001) Physics. Vol 1. John Wiley & Sons.
Hurrell, J. W. (2008) A changing context for life on Earth. Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology 122(3): 473-474. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.017. The Effect of Black Surfaces...26
James, A., Henry, E., Steven, E., Dicks, S. (1986) Association of urban temperatures with land use and surface materials. Lands Urban Plan 14: 21-29.
Javan, A., Hassanli A. M., Shahrokhnia M. A. (2006) The ancient qanat of Iran. Proceeding of 1st IWA international symposium on water and wastewater technologies, Iraklio, Greece. 28-30 Oct.
Kamali, Gh., Moradi, I. (2005) Solar radiation, principles and applications. Iran, Mashhad: Ferdowsi university press. [In Persian]
Katherine, S. M., Robert, T., Truckner, R., Weber, W. R., David, B., Peden, D. (2008) Climate change and allergic disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 122(3): 443-453.
Kordavani, P. (1997) Meadows, problems and solutions in Iran, Tehran: Tehran university press. [In Persian]
Mahdavi, A. (2010) IRS-1C image data applications for land use/land cover mapping in Zagros region, Case study: Ilam watershed, West of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 8(1): 35-41.
Moradi, I. (2006) Solar radiation principles and applications., Institute of Mashhad University Press, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
Murugan, M., Mukund V., Ramesh, R., Hiremath, M. B., Josephrajkumar A., Shetty, P. K. (2008) Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 6(1): 31-39.
Murugan, M., Shetty, P. K., Hiremath, M. B. (2005) Atmospheric warming induced changes in future rainfall and Implications on water and agriculture in India. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(2): 132-141.
Ojimaa, T., Moriyama, M. (1982) Earth surface heat balance changes caused by urbanization. Energy and Buildings4(2): 99-114.
Retallach, B. J. (1986) The physical meteorology. 1st ed. Translated by: Alireza Sadeghi. Iran,Tehran: Markaz nashre daneshgahi. [In Persian]
Shashua-Bara, L., Pearlmuttera, D., Erell, E. (2009) The cooling efficiency of urban landscape strategies in a hot dry climate. Lands Urban Planning 92(3-4): 179-186. Sheibani, D. (2005) Survey and analyzing of Gonabad city weather conditions, Annual reports, Gonabad, Iran. [In Persian]
Solecki, D. W., Rosenzweig, C., Pope, G., Chopping, M., Goldberg, R., Polissar, A. (2004) Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An assessment of interacting and possible adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey region. New Jersey’s Environmental Decision Making. Available from: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf.
Tan, J. (2010) The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai. International Journal of Biometeorology 54(1): 75-84. The Ministry of Building and Roads (2009) Meteorological organization of I.R. of Iran.
Gonabad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, iran. Available from: www.mrud.ir. Yamashita, M., Yamanaka, Sh. (2013) Dust Resulting from Tire Wear and the Risk of Health Hazards. Journal of Environmental Protection 4: 509-515. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,985 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,311 |