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سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیک و مولکولی تحمل به شوری در غلات: 2- روشهای بهنژادی پیشرفته و چشمانداز آینده | ||
| تحقیقات غلات | ||
| دوره 15، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 57، دی 1404، صفحه 415-433 اصل مقاله (1.84 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/cr.2026.32537.1886 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| احمد مجیدیمهر* 1؛ رضا امیری فهلیانی2؛ بهرام حیدری3؛ غلامحسن رنجبر4 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهش، مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران | ||
| 3استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار پژوهش، مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه: شوری، بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین عوامل محدودکننده رشد و تولید محصولات زراعی استراتژیک مانند گندم، برنج و ذرت، امنیت غذایی جهانی را بهخطر انداخته است. با توجه به هزینهبر و زمانبر بودن اصلاح فیزیکی خاکهای شور، توسعه رقمهای متحمل از طریق بهنژادی، موثرترین و اقتصادیترین راهکار برای مقابله با این چالش محسوب میشود. در این راستا، درک سازوکارهای مولکولی و ژنتیکی تحمل به شوری برای تولید ژنوتیپهای جدید و متحمل به شوری ضروری است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، مرور پیشرفتهای اخیر و بررسی کاربرد فناوریهای نوین بهنژادی بهمنظور شتاببخشی به توسعه رقمهای متحمل به شوری در گیاهان زراعی بهویژه غلات بوده است. مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه، بهطور اختصاصی کاربرد نظاممند زیستفناوریهای نوین از جمله ادغام ابزارهای اومیکس، نقشهیابی ژنومی، انتخاب بهکمک نشانگر و ویرایش ژنوم بهمنظور انتقال مؤثر ژنها و QTLهای شناسایی شده به ژنوتیپهای برتر و تسریع برنامههای بهنژادی تشریح شده است. نتایج و بحث: گزینش بهکمک نشانگرهای مولکولی، روشی کارآمد در بهنژادی است که بهجای در نظر گرفتن فقط فنوتیپ، امکان انتخاب ژنوتیپهای برتر را با استفاده از الگوهای نواربندی DNA در مراحل اولیه رشد موجود زنده فراهم میکند. این روش با کاهش تأثیرپذیری از محیط، دقت و سرعت برنامههای بهنژادی را افزایش داده و دوره بهنژادی را که در روشهای کلاسیک ممکن است در حدود هشت تا ده سال طول بکشد، بهطور چشمگیری کاهش میدهد. کاربرد موفق گزینش بهکمک نشانگر در انتقال QTLهایی نظیر Saltol برای افزایش تحمل به شوری در برنج اثبات شده است. همچنین، نقش مؤثر این روش در محصولاتی مانند گندم و ذرت در غلبه بر تنشهای غیرزیستی از جمله تنش شوری نشان داده است. با اینحال، این روش برای صفات کمی پیچیده که توسط ژنها یا QTLهای با اثرات کوچک کنترل میشوند، کارآیی محدودتری دارد. امروزه، رویکردهای پیشرفتهتری مانند گزینش ژنومی (Genomic Selection) و ویرایش ژنوم مبتنی بر CRISPR/Cas9 همراه با فنوتیپسازی با توان عملیاتی بالا (High-Throughput Phenotyping)، بهعنوان راهکارهای مکمل برای افزایش دقت و سرعت برنامههای بهنژادی بهمنظور ایجاد رقمهای متحمل به تنشهای محیطی نظیر شوری بهکار گرفته میشوند. نتیجهگیری: ابزارهای نوین بهنژادی گیاهی مانند انتخاب بهکمک نشانگر، مطالعات ارتباطی در سطح ژنوم و بهویژه فناوریهای اُمیکس (ترانسکریپتومیکس، پروتئومیکس و متابولومیکس) و ویرایش ژنوم، انقلابی در فرآیند شناسایی و انتقال ژنهای مطلوب به گیاهان زراعی ایجاد کردهاند. این فناوریها امکان هرمی کردن ژنها (Pyramiding Genes) و انتقال همزمان چندین ژن تحمل به شوری را با دقت و سرعت بالا فراهم میسازند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| ترنسکریپتوم؛ تعیین فنوتیپ با توان عملیاتی بالا؛ کریسپر؛ گزینش بهکمک نشانگر؛ متابولومیکس؛ ویرایش ژنوم | ||
| مراجع | ||
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