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سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیک و مولکولی تحمل به شوری در غلات: 1- مبانی و روشها | ||
| تحقیقات غلات | ||
| دوره 15، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 57، دی 1404، صفحه 395-414 اصل مقاله (1.48 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/cr.2025.31687.1880 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| احمد مجیدیمهر* 1؛ رضا امیری فهلیانی2؛ بهرام حیدری3؛ غلامحسن رنجبر4 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهش، مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران | ||
| 3استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار پژوهش، مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه: غلات، بهعنوان اجزای اصلی رژیم غذایی انسان، نقش تعیینکنندهای در تأمین امنیت غذایی جمعیت جهان ایفا میکنند. تنشهای غیرزیستی مانند خشکی، شوری، گرما و سرما، میتوانند عملکرد این گیاهان را بهطور قابل توجهی کاهش دهند. در این بین، شوری بهعنوان یکی از موانع عمده تولید محصولات زراعی شناخته میشود. پرسش اصلی این است که چگونه غلات میتوانند محرکهای محیطی را دریافت و از طریق شبکههای تنظیمی مرتبط و پیچیده، مسیرهای دفاعی خود را برای مواجهه با چنین تنشهایی فعال کنند؟ هدف از مطالعه حاضر، ارائه یک دیدگاه جامع بهمنظور درک سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیک و مولکولی تحمّل به شوری در گیاهان زراعی بهویژه غلات بوده است. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه مروری، پیشرفتهای اخیر در سازوکارهای تحمل به شوری بهویژه در غلات را با رویکردی نوآورانه و دوگانه پوشش میدهد. نوآوری اصلی این مطالعه نسبت به مطالعات مشابه، در ارائه یک چارچوب تحلیلی یکپارچه و گامبهگام است که در قسمت اول، مبانی فیزیولوژیک و مولکولی سازوکارهای تحمل به شوری با استناد به جدیدترین یافتهها مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد نتایج و بحث: تنش شوری در بیشتر گیاهان معمولاً در دو فاز مشخص، ابتدا تنش اسمزی و سپس سمیّت یونی، رخ میدهد و بهدنبال آن تنشهای ثانویهای مانند تنش اکسیداتیو و اختلالات تغذیهای پدید میآیند. از منظر فیزیولوژی، گیاهان با استفاده از سامانههای مؤثر تنظیم جذب و توزیع یونها، حفظ تعادل اسمزی و تجمع ترکیبات حفاظتی، به مقابله با تنش شوری میپردازند. در سطح بیوشیمیایی، فعالسازی سیستمهای آنتیاکسیدانی و تولید ترکیبات سازگار نظیر پرولین، از راهبردهای کلیدی برای مهار فشار تنش اکسیداتیو ناشی از شوری محسوب میشوند. در سطح مولکولی، شبکههای پیچیدهای از عوامل رونویسی و ژنهای عملکردی از جمله NHX1، HKT1، SOS و P5CS مسئول هماهنگی پاسخ به تنش میباشند. مسیرهای سیگنالدهی کلیدی مانند آبشار MAPK و مسیر SOS نقش مرکزی در انتقال سیگنال تنش و فعالسازی پاسخهای دفاعی ایفا میکنند. فرآیندهای مولکولی تحمل به شوری از طریق شبکههای تنظیمی گستردهای متشکل از عوامل رونویسی و ژنهای عملکردی هماهنگ میشوند. مسیرهای MAPK و SOS بهطور گسترده در غلات مطالعه شده و یافتههای ما از تحمل به شوری مبتنی بر پژوهشهای ویژه در این گیاهان است. برای نمونه، ژنهای SOS1، SOS2 و SOS3 در برنج موجب افزایش تحمل به شوری از طریق خروج یون سدیم از سلول و جلوگیری از سمیت یونی میشوند. تجمع ترکیبات اسمولیتی (از جمله پرولین) و فعالسازی سیستمهای آنتیاکسیدانی نیز نقش مهمی در حفظ یکپارچگی سلولی در گیاهان تحت تنش شوری دارند. نتیجهگیری: با توجه به ویژگی چندژنی و پیچیده تحمل به شوری، تلفیق سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیک، ژنتیکی و مولکولی در برنامههای بهنژادی، همراه با بهرهگیری از رویکردهای ژنومیک برای توسعه رقمهای جدید متحمل به شوری و با عملکرد پایدار ضروری بهنظر میرسد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| واژههای کلیدی: بهنژادی مولکولی؛ تحمل به شوری؛ تنظیم اسمزی؛ ژنهای تنظیم کننده؛ هموستازی یونی | ||
| مراجع | ||
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