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Impact of Distillery Effluent and Salts on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Sandy Loam Soil | ||
| Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 3، شماره 1، فروردین 2005، صفحه 9-14 اصل مقاله (317.51 K) | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| S. Chandra1؛ H.C. Joshi1؛ H. Pathak* 2 | ||
| 1Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012 | ||
| 2Institut fur Meteorology und Klimaforschung, Kreuzeckbahnstr 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Irrigation with distillery effluent, besides influencing crop yield, may have considerable impact on physical properties of soil because of its high salt and organic carbon contents. This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of distillery effluent on hydraulic conductivity of a sandy loam alluvial soil and compare the effect of inorganic salts of potassium (K) with that of distillery effluent on hydraulic conductivity of soil. The treatments consisted of 4 sources of K: potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, post methantion distillery effluent (PME) and oxidized PME (PME minus organic carbon) at 4 levels equivalent to 10, 20, 40 and 100% of the K concentration in the PME. There were 4 replications for each treatment. Soils, collected from the upper 15 cm of a farm were crushed, passed through a 2-mm sieve and packed in 6.5 cm diameter and 50 cm long columns. Each of the solutions was applied 4 times at the interval of 20 days to the soil column, which were subsequently flushed with distilled water and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil was measured using the constant head technique. Application of PME and salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of soil to 3 to 4 fold as compared to that of the untreated soil. With the increasing levels of salt concentration, the rate of increase in hydraulic conductivity initially decreased, but at 100% salt level soil hydraulic conductivity increased sharply. The oxidized PME, which contained only the inorganic salts present in the PME, had highest hydraulic conductivity at 100% salt level followed by PME and inorganic salts. The exchangeable K content of soil (x) and hydraulic conductivity (y) showed a polynomial relationship (y = 15.28 ? 1.61x + 0.05x2). The study showed that application of PME has significant impacts on soil hydraulic conductivity suggesting that impact assessment of PME application on physical properties of soil be recommended to find an optimum application rate before the practice is adopted. REFERENCES APHA (1980) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition. (APHA, AWWA, WPCF), XIVII, 1134 p. Cecconi, S., Salazsand, A. and Martelli, M. (1963) The effect of different cations on the structural stability of some soils. Agro Chimica 7, 185-204. Chandra, S., Joshi, H.C., Pathak, H., Jain, M.C. and Kalra, N. (2002) Effect of potassium salts and distillery effluent on carbon mineralization. Bioresource Tech. 83, 255-257. Chen, Y., Banin, A. and Borochovitch, A. (1983) Effect of potassium on soil structure in relation to hydraulic conductivity. Geoderma 30, 135-147. Devarajan, L., Rajannan, G. S., Ramnathan, G. and Oblisami, G. (1993) Sugarcane cultivation with distillery effluent. SISSTA Sugar J. 20, 23-25. Goldberg, S., Suarez, D. L. and Glaubig, R. A. (1988) Factors affecting clay dispersion and aggregate stability of acid-zone soils. Soil Sci. 164, 317-325. Joshi, H. C., Kalra, N., Choudhary, R., Pathak, H., Chaudhary, A. and Singh, N. N. (1996) Agrocycling – A pollution control strategy for Distilleries in India. The Botanica 46, 170-176. Joshi, H. C., Pathak, H., Chaudhary, A., Joshi, T. P., Phogat, V.K. and Kalra, N. (2000) Changes in soil properties with distillery effluent irrigation. J. Environ. Res. 6, 153- 162. Klute, A. and Dirksen, C. (1986) Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory Methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. (Ed: A. Klute) Agr. Monogr. 9.ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 687-734. Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A. and Pratt, P. F. (1982) Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium: In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, (Eds. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R.), 2nd edition, Agronomy No. 9, ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 225-246. Effluent on soil hydraulic conductivity 14 Levy, G. J. and Vander Watt, H. V. H. (1990) Effect of exchangeable potassium on the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of some South African soils. J. Soil Sci. 149, 69-77. McNeal, B. L. and Coleman, N. T. (1966) Effect of solution composition on soil hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20, 308-312. Mitchell, A. R. and Donovan, T. J. (1991) Field infiltration of a salt-loaded soil: evidence a permeability hystersis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55: 706-710. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd edition, Agronomy No. 9, ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. Pathak, H., Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhary, R., Kalra, N. and Dwivedi, M. K. (1999) Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 113, 133-140. Quirk, J. P. and Schofield, R. K. (1955) The effect of electrolyte concentration on soil permeability. J. Soil Sci. 6, 163-178. Ravina, T. (1973) The mechanical and physical behaviour of Ca-clay soil and K-clay in soil. Ecological Studies 4, 131- 140. Singh, Y. (1992) Report on utilisation of distillery waste from VAM Organic Chemicals Gajrauala in Agriculture. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technolgy, Pantnagar, India, pp 150. Wiegand, C. L., Lyles, L. and Carter, D. L. (1966) Interspersed salt-affected and unaffected dryland soils of the lower Rio Grande Valley: II Occurrence of salinity in relation to infiltration rates and profile characteristics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30, 106-110. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Exchangeable potassium؛ Infiltration؛ post methanation distillery effluent؛ potassium chloride؛ potassium sulphate؛ soil salinity | ||
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