آفریقا گرایی در ساحت حقوق بشر: تقابل جهان‌شمولی و نسبی‌گرایی فرهنگی

 

 

 

Asante S.K.B. (1969). “Nation Building and Human Rights in Emerging African Nations”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 2, No. I, 1969, pp. II-IS.

 Boas, F. (1901): “The Mind of Primitive Man.” Science, Vol. 13, No. 321 (Feb.22,): 281-299.

Brendalyn P. (1995), “Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights in Africa: Problems and Prospects”, Praeger, Westport, Conn., pp.53-79.

 Ching, J. (1998),” Human Rights’: A Valid Chinese Concept?” In Confuciansim and Human Rights”, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Tu Weiming, 67-82. 68 New York: Columbia University Press, pp 72-95.

Cobbah, J. (1987).” African Values and the Human Rights Debate: An African Perspective”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 9, No.3, 1987, pp. 321-340.

Cruft, R. (2011). “Human Rights as Rights,”, The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.pp. 130-152.

 Donnelly, J. (1982).” Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Human Rights Conceptions”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 76, 1982, pp. 303-316.

Donnelly, J. (1984).” Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 6, No.4,1984, pp.400-419;

EI-Olaid, A., (1996). “HumanRights in Africa: A New Perspective on Linking the Past to the Present”, McGill Law Journal, Vol. 41, p. 810-843.

Ejidike, O. (1999) “Human Rights in the Cultural Traditions and Social Practices ofthe Igbo of SouthEastern Nigeria”, Journal ofAfrican Law, Vol.43, No.1 1999, pp.83-99.

Femyhough, T. (1993). “Human Rights and Pre-Colonial Africa”, in: Goran Hyden and Winston P. Nagan (cds.), Human Rights and Governance in Africa, University Press of Florida, Gainsville, 1993, pp. 39-73.

 Good, C. (2010): "Human rights and relativism." Macalester Journal of Philosophy 19.1 pp.21-56.

Haile, M. (1984) “Human Rights, Stability and Development in Africa: Some Observations on Concept and Reality”, Virginia Journal ofInternational Law, Vol. 204, No.3, 1984, p. 575.

Howard, R. (1983) “The Full Belly Thesis: Should Economic Rights take Priority over Civil and Political Rights? Evidence from sub–Saharan Africa”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 5, No.4, 1983, pp. 442-467.

Howard, R. (1986).” Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa”, Rowman & Littlefield, Totowa, N. J, 1986, p. 19

Howard, R. (1991).” Rights Law and Practice, Lagos”, Vol. I, Nos. 3: 2, I and2, 1991, pp. 7-20.

Ibhawoh, B, (2001) "Cultural Relativism and Human Rights: Reconsidering the Africanist Discourse." Netherlands quarterly of human rights 19.1: 40-62

Ibhawoh, B. (2000) “Between Culture and Constitution: Evaluating the Cultural Legitimacy of Human Rights in the African State', Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol. 22, No.3, pp. 838-860.

Ishay, M R. (2004) “The History of Human Rights: from Ancient Times to the Globalization Era”. Berkeley, Ca: University of California Press, 10-31

Kannyo, E. (1980) “Human Rights in Africa: Problems and Prospects”, A Report Prepared for the International League for Human Rights, pp. 1-24.

Keba, M. (1987),” Organization de L'Unite Africaine', in: Les Dimensions Internationales des Droits de l'Homme”, UNESCO, Paris, 1987, pp. 651-679.

kent, A.; Avonius, L; Kingsbury, D (eds.), (2008) “Chinese Values and Human Rights, Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate”, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 83–97,

Lenzerini, F. (2014). “The Debate on ‘Universalism’ and ‘Cultural Relativism’ in International Human Rights Law”, The Culturalization of Human Rights Law (Oxford, 2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 Apr.2014).

Lindholt, L. (1997), “Questioning the Universality of Human Rights: TheAfrican Charter on Human and People's Rights in Botswana”, Malawi and Mozambique, Aldershot, Brookfield, Dartmouth, 1997, pp. 20-36.

 Makau W. (1995), “The Banjul Charter and the African Cultural Fingerprint: An Evaluation ofthe Language of Rights and Duties”, Virginia Journal ofInternational Law, Vol. 35, No.2, 1995, pp. 341-432.

Makau W. (1999). “Limitations on Religious Rights: Problematizing Religious Freedom in the African Context”. Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 5, 1999, pp.75-105

Makau, W. (1995), “The Banjul Charter and the African Cultural Fingerprint: An Evaluation of the Language of Rights and Duties”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 35, No.2, 1995, pp. 358-374.

Mamdani, M. (1990) “The Social Basis of Constitutionalism in Africa”, The Journal ofModern African Studies, Vol. 28, No.3, 1990, pp. 355-370.

Mosafa, N., & Zargari, H. (2014). “International Instrument of Human Rights: Compliance and Non-Fulfillment in Africa”. World Politics, 3(2), 100-127. [In Persian]

 Nickel, J. (1987),” Making Sense ofHuman Rights: Philisophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, University of Calfornia Press, Berkeley, 1987, pp. 44-63.

Osita, C. (1992) “Is the Protection of Human Rights and Democracy strange to African Traditions?”, in: Abayorni, pp. 71-97.

Panikkar, R. (1982) "Is the notion of human rights a Western concept?" Diogenes 30, no. 120 (1982): 75-102.

Prakash Sinha, S. (1981). “Human Rights: A Non-Western View Point”, Archivfur Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie, Vol.67,1981, pp. 67-98.

Qari Seyyed Fatemi, S.M. (2020), “Human rights in contemprory era Book 1”, Negahe moaaser Publishing2020. [In Persian]

Quashigah, K. (1991)” The Philosophical Basis ofHurnan Rights and its Relation to Africa”, Journal of Human Rights Law and Practice, Lagos, Vol. I, Nos. 3: 2, I and 2, 1991, pp. 7-20.

Rehof, L. and Trier, T. (1990) “Menneskeret, Jurist-og 0konomforbundts Forlag”, Kebenhvn,1990, pp.52.72.

Rose, M. (1985). “Human and Peoples′ Rights: Distinctive Features of the African Charte” r. Journal of African Law, 29, pp 72-81.

Shivji, I (1989).” The Concept ofHuman Rights in Africa”, Codesria, London, p. 10-32.

soltanghes, F., Zaheri, A., & ghasemi, M. (2021). Motives for concluding international treaties in the light of international political economy. International Relations Researches, 11(1), 161-188. doi: 10.22034/irr.2021.130966 [In Persian]

 Statement on Human Rights by the Executive Board, (1947), American Anthropological Association, American Anthropologist, Vol. 49, 1947, pp.539- 543.

 Taylor, Ch. (1996) “A World Consensus on Human Rights?” Dissent (Summer,1996): 15-21.

Tevoedjre, A. (1986) “Human Rights and Democracy in Africa, Annual Lecture Series”, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp. 8-22.

Walker N. (2013), “Universalism and particularism in human rights”. In: Holder C, Reidy D, eds. Human Rights: The Hard Questions. Cambridge University Press; 2013:39-58.

Welch, C. and Meltzer, R. (1984), “HumanRights and Development in Africa”, State UniversityOf New York Press, Albany, pp.12-20.

Xiaorong L, (1996) “Asian Values" and the Universality of Human Rights”, Philosophy and Public Policy, Vol. 16, No.2,1996, pp, 18-22.

Zamani, S. G., & Ghasemi, M. (2022). Explanation the Role of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Body in the Development of International Law. International Relations Researches, 12(2), 183-211. doi: 10.22034/irr.2022.334439.2162 [In Persian]