Antidermatophyte efficacy of the secondary metabolites extracted from Citrullus colocynthis L. fruits

Al Ghaithi, F, El Ridi, MR, Adeghate, E & Amiri, MH 2004, Biochemical effects of Citrullus colocynthis in normal and diabetic rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 261:143-149.

Al Jassani, MJ 2017, Tropaeolum majus leaves extract as an antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antiaflatoxin agent. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 9: 328-333.

Al Marzoqi, AH, Hussein, HJ & Al Khafaji, NM 2015, Antibacterial activity of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on human pathogenic bacteria. Chemistry and Materials Research, 7: 8-10.

Al Marzoqi, AH, Al Khafaji, NM & Hussein, HJ 2016, In vitro antibacterial activity assessment of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Lepidium sativum L. on human pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 4: 529-32.

AL Masoodi, H, Hussein, HJ & Al Rubaye, AF 2020, Antifungal activity of the two medicinal plants (Curcuma longa L. and Boswellia carteri Birdwood) against Fusarium species isolated from maize seeds. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12: 408-14.

Al Snafi, AE 2019, Iraqi medicinal plants with antifungal effect: A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 9: 16-56.

Alsubhi, W, Al Hejin, AM, Saini, KS, Abu Zaid, M & Ahmed, MM 2019, Antifungal properties of Citrullus colocynthis leaves extracts against vaginal candida infection. Advances in Environmental Biology, 13:1-7. DOI: 10.22587/aeb.2019.13.2.1

Anthony, HR 1976, Chemical microbiology an introduction to microbial physiology. 3^rd (Editon). Butter Worth and Co. (Publishers) Ltd. London. 480 p.

Arif, T, Bhosale, JT, Kumar, N, Mandal, TK, Bendre, RS, Lavekar, GS & Dabur, R 2009, Natural products–antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 11: 621-38.

Astrid, L 1999, Preparation of lactophenol cotton blue slide mounts. Community Eye Health, 12: 24-28

Bhasin, A, Singh, S & Garg, R 2020, Nutritional and medical importance of Citrullus colocynthis: A review. Plant Archives, 20: 3400-3406.

Boham, BA & Kocipai Abyazan, R 1974, Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian Vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Science, 48: 458-463.

Braun, PC 2009, The effects of tea polyphenols on Candida albicans: Inhibition of biofilm formation and proteasome inactivation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 55: 1033-039.

Coffey, JL, Simmons, AM, Shepard, BM, Tadmor, Y & Levi, A 2015, Potential sources of whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) resistance in desert watermelon (Citrullus colocynthis) germplasm. HortScience, 50: 13-17.

Dhakad, PK 2017, Phytochemical investigation and anti-diarrheal activity of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 11: 1747-1862.

Eidi, S, Azadi, HG, Rahbar, N & Mehmannavaz, HR 2015, Evaluation of antifungal activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Citrullus colocynthis fruit. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5: 36-40.

Gacem, MA, Khelil, AO, Gacemi, B, Halla, N, Djerbaoui, AN, Bouderhem, A, Hadef, S, Benreguieg, M & Adli DE 2013, Antimycotoxigenic and antifungal activities of Citrullus colocynthis seeds against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus contaminating wheat stored. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12: 6222-6231.

Ghazanfar, SA, Edmondson, JR & Nicholas Hind, DJ 2019, With the collaboration of the staff of the National Herbarium of Iraq of ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. Flora of Iraq, 6: 105-110.

Grumbt, M, Monod, M, Yamada, T, Hertweck, C, Kunert, J & Staib, P 2013, Keratin degradation by dermatophytes relies on cysteine dioxygenase and a sulphite efflux pump. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133: 1550-5.

Gupta, S & Banerjee, AB 1970, A rapid method of screening antifungal antibiotic producing plants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 8: 148-149.

Hamad, MH, Hadi, ME & Alsaffar, MF 2023, Effects of some alcoholic extracts of propolis in ovulation and fertility rate of the ovary and oviduct in quail. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 317-323.

Haque, E, Irfan, S, Kamil, M, Sheikh, S, Hasan, A, Ahmad, A, Lakshmi, V, Nazir, A & Mir, SS 2016, Terpenoids with antifungal activity trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology, 85: 436-43.

Harborne, JB 1973, Phytochemical methods, London. Chapman and Hall, Ltd. 49-188.

Harborne, JB 1984, Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hall, New York. 2^nd ed. 288.

Harborne, JB, Mabray, TY & Marby, H 1975, Physiology and function of flavonoids. Academic Press, New York, 970 p.

Hussain, AY, Hussein, HJ & Al Rubaye, AF 2021, Antifungal activity of the secondary metabolites extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L. against aspergillus species isolated from stored medicinal plants seeds in the Iraqi markets. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses, 15S:  DOI: 10.3371/CSRP.HAHH.081221.

Hussain, AY, Hussein, HJ & Al Rubaye, AF 2021, Antifungal efficacy of the crude flavonoid, terpenoid, and alkaloid extracted from Myrtus communis L. against Aspergillus species isolated from Stored Medicinal plants seeds in the Iraqi Markets. Journal of Biotechnology Research Centre, 15: 73-80.

Hussein, HJ & Al Marzoqi, AH 2020, The Antibacterial efficacy of the secondary metabolites extracted from (Melia azedarach L.) leaves against pathogenic microorganisms isolated from burns and gingivitis infections. EurAsian Journal of Biosciences, 14: 561-565.

Hussein, HJ, Al Khafaji, NM, Al Mamoori, AH & Al Marzoqi, AH 2018, Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial properties of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid extracts of Cassia senna L. against human gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Plant Archives, 18: 354-6.

Hussein, HJ, Al Khafaji, NM, Al Mamoori, AH, Juaifer, WA, Al Marzoqi, AH & Al Zobiady, RA 2017, Antimicrobial effect of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Myrtus communis L. against human gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 8: 130-3.

Hussein, HJ, Kaizal, AF, Al Khafaji, NM, Sadiq, ZF, & Shahad, AS 2018, Evaluation of antibacterial potential of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid extracts of Ricinus communis L. against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 05: 384-388.

Hussein, HJ, Kamal, SA, & Sahi, NM 2020, Antibacterial efficacy of the seed extract of Saliva hispanica L. against pathogenic bacteria isolated from diarrhoea cases. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 20: 3491-94.

Hussein, HJ, Naji, SS & Al Khafaji, NM 2018, Antibacterial properties of the Chlorella vulgaris isolated from polluted water in Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10: 2457-60.

Hussein, HJ, Sahi, NM, Saad, AM & Altameme, HJ 2019, The antibacterial effect of bioactive compounds extracted from Cassia didymobotrya (Fresenius) Irwin & Barneby against some pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 22: SPe 116.

Iriani, F, Rakhmiati, R, Kertasari, VD, Handayani, EP, Zuyasna, Z, W. Yanuastri, P 2023, Secondary metabolite compounds of Moringa oleifera leaves in two different urban altitude locations, Indonesia. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 1065-1071.

Kadhim, MS & Younis, MI 2023, Efficiency of Zingiber officinale and Myrtus communis extracts against Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 115-123.

Kamal, AS, Hussein, HJ & Tolaifeh, ZA 2019, Antibacterial potential of Hibiscus sabdarifa L. against some Enterobacteriaceae: in vitro. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 19: 4291-4294.

Kamal, SA, Al Kaim, HW & Hussein, HJ 2020, Antibacterial activity of phytochemical compounds extracted from Ficus carica Linn. leaves against human pathogenic bacteria. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 14: 2293-2298.

Kamil, SS, Hussein, HJ, & Al Marzoqi, AH 2020, Evolution of antibacterial efficacy of Dianthus caryophyllus L. extracts against some hospitals pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12: 1274-9.

Karim, ZM, Hussein, HJ & Al Rubaye, AF 2022, In vitro anticandidal activity of the secondary metabolites extracted from Saussurea costus (Falc.) lipschitz roots. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6: 7461-7470.

Lattef Ismaeel, ZA 2024, Anatomical study with antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H phenolic roots extract. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22: 137-146.

Martinez Rossi, NM, Bitencourt, TA, Peres, NT, Lang, EA, Gomes, EV, Quaresemin, NR, Martins, MP, Lopes, L & Rossi, A 2018, Dermatophyte resistance to antifungal drugs: mechanisms and prospectus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9: 1108.

Mohammed Karim, Z, Hussein, HJ & Al Rubaye, AF 2023, Evaluation of anticandidiasis efficacy of secondary metabolites extracted from Dianthus caryophyllus L. flower buds. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21: 143-9.

Okusa, PN, Stévigny, C & Duez, P 2009, Medicinal plants: A tool to overcome antibiotic resistance? In: A, Varela & J, Ibañez (Eds). Medicinal plants: classification, biosynthesis and pharmacology. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 315.

Ouf, SA, Ali, MI, Haggag, MG, Elsafty, DO & Faraag, AH 2022, Enhancement of antidermatophytic activities of Citrullus colocynthis Schrad collected from different ecological habitats in Egypt using fluconazole. Phytomedicine Plus, 2: 100178.

Patrick, RL, Willey, EN & Fetter, BF 1960, Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) poisoning. A discussion of its use as an abortifacient. North Carolina Medical Journal, 21: 23-27.

Prasad, MP 2014, Phytochemical and antifungal activity of Citrullus colocynthis seeds solvent extracts. International Journal of Science and Research, 3:1-5.

Safa, HR, Kamal, SA, Mohammed Sahi, N & Hussein, HJ 2022, Assessment of antibacterial efficacy of Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don against some isolates obtained from urinary tract infections. Archives of Razi Institute, 77: 891-897, DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.357125.1981

Sharara, DT, Al Marzoqi, AH & Hussein, HJ 2021, In vitro antibacterial efficacy of the secondary metabolites extracted from Myrtus communis L. against some pathogenic bacteria isolated from hemodialysis fluid. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25: 9267-9274.

Singh, J & Tripathi, NN 1999, Inhibition of storage fungi of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) by some essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14: 1-4.

Tahmasebi, E, Yazdanian, M, Tebyaniyan, H, Soudi, A, Ranjbar, R, Moghaddam, MM, Balaei Kahnamoei, M, Tusi, SK, Nasrabadi, MT & Vatandoust, MT 2022, The antifungal and antibacterial effect of Citrullus colocynthis: in vitro study. Open Access Macedonian. Journal of Medical Sciences, 10:1585-1591.

Wu, T, He, M, Zang, X, Zhou, Y, Qiu, T, Pan, S & Xu, X 2013, A structure–activity relationship study of flavonoids as inhibitors of E. coli by membrane interaction effect. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes, 28: 2751-2756.

Ziyyat, A, Legssyer, A, Mekhfi, H, Dassouli, A, Serhrouchni, M & Benjelloun, W 1997, Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 58: 45-54.