تعداد نشریات | 31 |
تعداد شمارهها | 743 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,072 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 10,134,842 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,852,259 |
Effects of climatic variation on weathering intensity for the mineral composition in some Iraqi soils | ||
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences | ||
دوره 20، شماره 5، اسفند 2022، صفحه 991-1001 اصل مقاله (2.04 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/cjes.2022.6053 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Salwa Hashim Khalaf Al Shamary* 1؛ Abdul Baqi D.S. Al Maamouri2؛ Sadeq Jaafar Hassan Dwenee3 | ||
1Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research- Administrative and Financial Department, Iraq | ||
2College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, Iraq | ||
3Ministry of Science and Technology, Agricultural Research Center, Iraq | ||
چکیده | ||
This study was conducted to find out the effect of variation in the nature of climatic conditions and physiographic location on the weathering intensity of the mineral composition in some Iraqi soils. Six different locations were selected within rainfall with intensity ranged between 100-1200 mm year-1, located in the north, west, central and southern Iraq. These locations were represented by the governorates of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah, Salah al-Din, Wasit and Dhi Qar in the locations of Joman, Halabja, Al-Sharqat, Tikrit, Al-Suwaira project, and Hor Al-Jbayish respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to diagnose the most important morphological features of clay minerals. Moreover, the examination results of clays in northern Iraq showed the presence of mica minerals in their irregular lamellar shape with rough surfaces containing cracks. These features reflected the exposure of mica minerals to different stages of weathering intensity of the layers. It was also exposed to the edges weathering in some of its areas. Likewise, the surfaces of these minerals seemed to contain slab elongated particles of regular geometric shape and with curled edges belonging to other minerals that are considered as impurities within the composition of the original mineral during the formation process. Besides, a transformation of part of the mica minerals appeared towards the expanded minerals 1:2 most likely to be Smectite minerals. As for the clays of the western regions of Iraq, the mica mineral particles appeared with multiple morphological appearances within the weathering of layers and edges. The surfaces of those particles appeared rough with the presence of the layers splitting accompanied by peeling, which indicates the exposure of these minerals to layers weathering. Furthermore, the results of general examination of the particles showed the absence of sharp edges rather, and some of them had irregular edges as a result of breaking the metal flakes as they were subjected to physical weathering in conjunction with chemical weathering, in addition, the presence of a shift at the edges of the mica minerals towards the expanded Smectite minerals 1:2. The latter appeared in the form of a white cloud, in addition to the presence of mica minerals with the weathered edges, but it appeared in a limited way, which reflects the extent of the decrease in the effective weathering intensity in those areas. The particles of the Palygorskite mineral appeared in an elongated shape, which reflects the appropriateness of the environmental conditions in those areas to form it, as it is a gypsum soil in nature. In the case of the clays of the central regions of Iraq, mica minerals appeared in the form of unaffected surfaces and the edges of some of them weathered which may have been weathered by transport and sedimentation processes. On the other hand, at the source, the conditions of the sampling areas do not encourage the occurrence of weathering processes, since they are dry or semi-dry areas with little rain. Similarly, it may be caused by wind weathering. In addition, chlorite minerals appeared in a pseudo hexagonal form, while Smectite minerals in a white cloudy form. At the same time, the clays of the southern regions of Iraq - Hor Al-Jbayish showed that a large part of the surfaces of their minerals were irregular. However, the surfaces of the mica minerals contained holes of different sizes and that some of those mineral surfaces appeared in a spongy form. Moreover, the holes that had been observed on the surfaces of Mica minerals can be the result of the presence of impurities from fossilized plant. Otherwise, animal remains during the synthesis of the mineral, which left a hole after the process of its complete dissolution. Similarly, it may be the result of the mineral impurity in the presence of impurities of other minerals that may differ in their geological age and degree of resistance to weathering. In general, all these morphological features are a product of what these minerals are exposed to the weathering processes, whether they are water or wind in the source areas or during transport and deposition. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Soil. Weathering Intensity؛ Rainfall؛ Electron Microscopy | ||
مراجع | ||
Al-Sheikhly, RAL 2000. Relationship of the morphological features of mica minerals in potassium forms for some alluvial plain soils. MSc. Dissertation, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad.
Abu -Shelbaya, MAD, Muhammad, AWS, Al-D, M, Al-Azim, MA & Husain MSM 2019 Land composition. Minia University, The Egyptian Arabic Republic.
Jaff, BO & Mohammed, A 2006, The nature of formation and presence of interstratified minerals and the factors affecting them in some Iraqi soils. PhD Dissertation, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Al-Khafaji, QDI 2017, Study of the distribution of some microelements under different climatic conditions in selected soils from northern Iraq. Kirkuk University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9: 92-99.
Al-Shammari, AHD 2020, The effect of sedimentation sources on the content and properties of clay separated and mineral composition of some soils in Wasit and Maysan governorates. PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Department of Soil and Water Resources Sciences. Baghdad University, Iraq.
Al-Obaidi, BSO 2008, The nature of the presence of Palygorskite mineral in some Iraqi gypsum soils. PhD thesis. College of Agriculture. Baghdad University, Iraq.
Suleiman, HS, Omar AR & Kabba, R 2020, Study of the mineral composition of some soils of the Syrian island. The Arab Journal of Science and Research Publication. Journal of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, 4(26-52): 807-818.
Khalil, EMI 2016, Fundamentals of Environmental Geology. College of Science. Zagazig University. The Egyptian Arabic Republic. Deposit number 11430.
Nassif, NS 2014, Changing the natural characteristics of the soil and groundwater of the landfill sites in the city of Baghdad. MSc. Dissertation, College of Education, Mustansiriya University, Iraq.
Day, PR 1965, Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In CA, Black et al. (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Agronomy No. 9: 545-567. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Dixon, JB, Weed, SB, Kittrick, JA Milford, MH & White, JL 1977, Minerals in soil environments. Book. Published by Soil Science of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Eswaran, H, Rrich, PF Kimbie, JM, Beinroth, FA, Padmanabhan, E & Moncharoen, P 1976, Global carbon sinks, In: R, Lal, JM, Kimble, & BA Stewart (Eds.), Global climate change and pedogenic carbonates, CRC/Lewis Preww, Boca Ration, Florida, pp. 15-26.
Gilkers, RJ & Suddhiprakarn, A 1979, Biotite alteration in deeply weathering Granite: Morphological, mineralogical, and chemical properties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 27: 349-360.
Gjems, O 1967, Studies on clay minerals formation in soil profiles in Scandinavia. Norke Skogfars Qksvesen, 18: 305-315 (In Danish).
Islam, M, Stuart, R, Risto, A & Vesa, P 2002, Mineralogical changes during intense chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20: 889-901.
Jackson, ML 1979, Soil chemical analysis. Advanced Course. 2nd Ed. Printed by the author, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Jackson, ML 1964, Chemical composition of soils. Inf. E-Bear (Ed.), Chemistry of the soil, Van No Strand Reinhold Co, New York, USA.
Muhammad, DAR 2007, The interaction between organic matter and smectite in some Iraqi soils of different agricultural land use. PhD Dissertation, College of Agriculture, University of Sulaimani, Iraq.
Richards, LA 1954, Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook No.60, Indian Edition, Prinlar for Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
Scott, AD & Smith SJ 1967, Visible changes in marco mica particles that occur with potassium.
Weaver, CE 2013, Shale-slate metamorphism in southern Appalachians. Book, School of Geophysical Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 518 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 187 |