فرصت ها و تهدیدات ارزهای دیجیتال برای کنشگران و دولت ها

 

"Cryptocurrencies Regulatory Landscape in Singapore". (2020, June 18). Retrieved December 7, 2020, from Scorechain: https://blog.scorechain.com/cryptocurrencies-regulatory-landscape-in-singapore/

"No Strong Case to Ban Crypto Trading, Singapore Says". (2018, February 17). Retrieved June 12, 2020, from bitcoin: https://news.bitcoin.com/no-strong-case-to-ban-crypto-trading-singapore-says/

"Payment Services Act in Singapore". (n.d.). Retrieved from Comply Advantage: https://complyadvantage.com/knowledgebase/payment-services-act-singapore/

"what is ethereum?". (2021, February 4). Retrieved July 28, 2021, from ethereum: https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/

"WHAT IS LITECOIN?". (2021, February 11). Retrieved July 21, 2021, from litecoin: https://litecoin.org/

Advani, K. (2018, February 12). "5 Ways Cryptocurrency Can Help Entrepreneurs in 2018". Retrieved faburary 12, 2020, from entrepreneur: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/308714#:~:text=Cryptocurrency%20provides%20a%20platform%20for,companies%20at%20an%20early%20stage.

Aldaz-Carroll, E., & Aldaz-Carroll, E. (2018, February 1). "Can cryptocurrencies and blockchain help fight corruption?". Retrieved june 15, 2021, from Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/02/01/can-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain-help-fight-corruption/

BECKY. (2020, October 30). "The Bank Of Japan Looks To Start Testing A National Cryptocurrency". Retrieved from coin insider: https://www.coininsider.com/the-bank-of-japan-looks-to-start-testing-a-national-cryptocurrency/

Bodden, A., Schulman, J., & Briggs, T. (2019, October 5). "Cryptocurrency: cybersecurity and the operational risks". Retrieved December 9, 2020, from Cayman Funds: https://www.caymanfundsmagazine.com/contributed-article/cryptocurrency-cybersecurity-and-the-operational-risks#:~:text=While%20any%20transaction%20can%20be,often%20a%20higher%20risk%20transaction.&text=We%20will%20likely%20see%20more,still%20a%20very%20bi

Farell, R. (2015). "An analysis of the cryptocurrency industry". Wharton Research Scholars, 130.

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, December 10). "Bitcoin Cash Definition". Retrieved January 10, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin-cash.asp

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, May 5). "Cryptocurrency". Retrieved July 2, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cryptocurrency.asp

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, June 30). "CryptoTokens". Retrieved November 1, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crypto-token.asp#:~:text=Crypto%20tokens%20are%20a%20type,raise%20funds%20for%20crowd%20sales.

Gandal, N., Hamrick, J., Moore, T., & Oberman, T. (2018). "Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem". Journal of Monetary Economics, 86-96.

Goitom, H. (2018, June). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions". In The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Washington, DC: ReportJune.

 

Ho, H. M., & Law, J. (2020, September 6). "The Virtual Currency Regulation Review: Singapore". Retrieved October 21, 2020, from the lawr eviews: https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-virtual-currency-regulation-review/singapore

Huang, R. (2019, December 31). "Why China Is So Afraid Of Cryptocurrencies". Retrieved May 1, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerhuang/2020/12/31/why-china-is-so-afraid-of-cryptocurrencies/?sh=1ff4dff832e6

Ishida, M., Mears, E., & Takeda, R. (2017, December 29). "Japan Regulatory Update on Virtual Currency Business". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from dla piper: https://www.dlapiper.com/en/japan/insights/publications/2017/12/japan-regulatory-update-on-virtual-currency-business/

Islands, C. (2017, September 7). "Top Ten Risks for the Crypto-Currency Investor". Retrieved June 17, 2020, from lexology: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9d9a95f4-3bd4-42be-8a5d-2948af3f0d2b

Japan Payment Services Act. (2017). In Chapter I General Provisions (p. 1). Tokyo: Japan Government.

Kyriakou, P. (2020, July 24). "Cryptocurrency theft, scam and other misadventures: what prospects for international governance?". Retrieved May 17, 2021, from ejiltalk: https://www.ejiltalk.org/cryptocurrency-theft-scam-and-other-misadventures-what-prospects-for-international-governance/

learning, E. (2021, January 18). "What is blockchain?". Retrieved Feburary 10, 2021, from euromoney: https://www.euromoney.com/learning/blockchain-explained/what-is-blockchain

Lujan, S. (2017, July 28). "Fork Watch: 'Bitcoin Cash' Support Grows as August 1 Draws Near". Retrieved December 14, 2019, from bitcoin.com: https://news.bitcoin.com/fork-watch-bitcoin-cash-support-grows-as-aug-1-draws-near/

Mearian, L. (2019, January 29). "What is blockchain? The complete guide". Retrieved March 19, 2020, from computerworld: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/what-is-blockchain-the-complete-guide.html

Member, F. (2019, November 21). "How Cryptocurrencies Can Help Global Economy and Build a Better Future". Retrieved September 13, 2020, from finextra: https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/18159/how-cryptocurrencies-can-help-global-economy-and-build-a-better-future

Merriam-webster. (2021, January 18). "token". Retrieved March 14, 2021, from merriam-webster dictionary: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/token

MINAMI, T. (2019, May 22). "Japan eyes cryptocurrencies as it toughens money laundering laws". Retrieved january 11, 2021, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/Japan-eyes-cryptocurrencies-as-it-toughens-money-laundering-laws

Nian, L. P., & Chuen, D. L. (2015). Introduction to Bitcoin. In L. P. Nian, & D. L. Chuen, Handbook of Digital Currency (p. 14). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

Nica, O., Piotrowska, K., & Schenk-Hoppé, K. R. (2017). "Cryptocurrencies". University of Manchester, FinTech working paper, 6.

NISHIMURA, H. (2020, June 14). "China takes battle for cryptocurrency hegemony to new stage". Retrieved July 15, 2020, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/China-takes-battle-for-cryptocurrency-hegemony-to-new-stage

Obasogie, G. (2019, March 13). "How Cryptocurrency Payments Are Reducing Transaction Costs Globally". Retrieved May 2, 2020, from Harrison Global Capital: https://harrisonglobal.capital/2019/03/13/how-cryptocurrency-payments-are-reducing-transaction-costs-globally/

 

Oentoro, A. (2020, March 19). "The Impact of Bitcoin on The Global Economy". Retrieved june 10, 2020, from blockgeeks: https://blockgeeks.com/the-impact-of-bitcoin-on-the-global-economy/

O'NEAL, S. (2018, November 26). "ABC vs SV: Assessing the Consequences of the Bitcoin Cash War". Retrieved March 18, 2020, from cointelegraph: https://cointelegraph.com/news/abc-vs-cv-assessing-the-consequences-of-the-bitcoin-cash-war

Ong, T. (2017, September 18). "China tightens cryptocurrency ban with new directive". Retrieved September 12, 2020, from The Verge: https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/18/16326078/chinese-regulators-ban-cryptocurrency-platforms-bitcoin

Panda, A. (2013, December 6). "People’s Bank of China Issues a Regulatory Notice on Bitcoin". Retrieved May 18, 2020, from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/peoples-bank-of-china-issues-a-regulatory-notice-on-bitcoin/

Peyton, A. (2019, January 30). "Singapore regulator warns of national cryptocurrency scam". Retrieved April 10, 2020, from fintech futures: https://www.fintechfutures.com/2019/01/singapore-regulator-warns-of-national-cryptocurrency-scam/

SHARMA, R. (2020, December 8). "Bitcoin Has A Regulation Problem". Retrieved June 12, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/news/bitcoin-has-regulation-problem/

SHARMA, R. (2020, December 9). "Understanding China's Digital Yuan". Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/understanding-chinas-digital-yuan-5090699

Singapore Payment Services Act . (2019). In Section 5 and 6. Singapore: Singapore Government.

Slattery, T. (2014). "Taking a Bit out of Crime: Bitcoin and Cross-Border Tax Evasion". Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 829-873.

Soh, A., & Tham, F. S. (2020, January 15). "Why Singapore Has Become Asia's Cryptocurrency And Blockchain Hub". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from mondaq: https://www.mondaq.com/fin-tech/883798/why-singapore-has-become-asia39s-cryptocurrency-and-blockchain-hub

Spithoven, A. (2019). "Theory and Reality of Cryptocurrency Governance". Journal of Economic Issues, 385-393.

Supaat, S. (2020, January 6). "Reply to Parliamentary Question on regulation of crypto derivatives on Approved Exchanges". Retrieved from https://www.mas.gov.sg/: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/2020/reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-regulation-of-crypto-derivatives-on-approved-exchanges

Swanson, W. (2015, March 4). "Bitcoin’s Big Opportunity In Africa". Retrieved January 15, 2020, from fastcompany: https://www.fastcompany.com/3038472/bitcoins-big-opportunity-in-africa

Sykes, J. B., Attorney, L., Vanatko, N., & Attorney, L. (2019). "Virtual Currencies and Money Laundering:Legal Background, Enforcement Actions, and Legislative Proposals". Congressional Research Service. Apr, 3, 1-18.

Team, W. (2019, August 15). "Cryptocurrency in Japan: a regulatory overview". Retrieved Auguest 19, 2021, from wirex app: https://wirexapp.com/blog/post/cryptocurrency-in-japan-a-regulatory-overview-0159

Tuwiner, J. (2021, January 8). "Bitcoin Mining in China". Retrieved March 12, 2021, from buy bitcoin worldwide: https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/china/

Umeda, S. (2018). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency: Japan". washington DC: The Law Library of Congress.

Ventura, R. C. (2018, Agust 28). "How Cryptocurrency Improves Developing Countries". Retrieved December 7, 2020, from borgenmagazine: https://www.borgenmagazine.com/cryptocurrency-improves-developing-countries/

 

"Cryptocurrencies Regulatory Landscape in Singapore". (2020, June 18). Retrieved December 7, 2020, from Scorechain: https://blog.scorechain.com/cryptocurrencies-regulatory-landscape-in-singapore/

"No Strong Case to Ban Crypto Trading, Singapore Says". (2018, February 17). Retrieved June 12, 2020, from bitcoin: https://news.bitcoin.com/no-strong-case-to-ban-crypto-trading-singapore-says/

"Payment Services Act in Singapore". (n.d.). Retrieved from Comply Advantage: https://complyadvantage.com/knowledgebase/payment-services-act-singapore/

"what is ethereum?". (2021, February 4). Retrieved July 28, 2021, from ethereum: https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/

"WHAT IS LITECOIN?". (2021, February 11). Retrieved July 21, 2021, from litecoin: https://litecoin.org/

Advani, K. (2018, February 12). "5 Ways Cryptocurrency Can Help Entrepreneurs in 2018". Retrieved faburary 12, 2020, from entrepreneur: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/308714#:~:text=Cryptocurrency%20provides%20a%20platform%20for,companies%20at%20an%20early%20stage.

Aldaz-Carroll, E., & Aldaz-Carroll, E. (2018, February 1). "Can cryptocurrencies and blockchain help fight corruption?". Retrieved june 15, 2021, from Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/02/01/can-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain-help-fight-corruption/

BECKY. (2020, October 30). "The Bank Of Japan Looks To Start Testing A National Cryptocurrency". Retrieved from coin insider: https://www.coininsider.com/the-bank-of-japan-looks-to-start-testing-a-national-cryptocurrency/

Bodden, A., Schulman, J., & Briggs, T. (2019, October 5). "Cryptocurrency: cybersecurity and the operational risks". Retrieved December 9, 2020, from Cayman Funds: https://www.caymanfundsmagazine.com/contributed-article/cryptocurrency-cybersecurity-and-the-operational-risks#:~:text=While%20any%20transaction%20can%20be,often%20a%20higher%20risk%20transaction.&text=We%20will%20likely%20see%20more,still%20a%20very%20bi

Farell, R. (2015). "An analysis of the cryptocurrency industry". Wharton Research Scholars, 130.

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, December 10). "Bitcoin Cash Definition". Retrieved January 10, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin-cash.asp

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, May 5). "Cryptocurrency". Retrieved July 2, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cryptocurrency.asp

FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, June 30). "CryptoTokens". Retrieved November 1, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crypto-token.asp#:~:text=Crypto%20tokens%20are%20a%20type,raise%20funds%20for%20crowd%20sales.

Gandal, N., Hamrick, J., Moore, T., & Oberman, T. (2018). "Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem". Journal of Monetary Economics, 86-96.

Goitom, H. (2018, June). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions". In The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Washington, DC: ReportJune.

Ho, H. M., & Law, J. (2020, September 6). "The Virtual Currency Regulation Review: Singapore". Retrieved October 21, 2020, from the lawr eviews: https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-virtual-currency-regulation-review/singapore

Huang, R. (2019, December 31). "Why China Is So Afraid Of Cryptocurrencies". Retrieved May 1, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerhuang/2020/12/31/why-china-is-so-afraid-of-cryptocurrencies/?sh=1ff4dff832e6

Ishida, M., Mears, E., & Takeda, R. (2017, December 29). "Japan Regulatory Update on Virtual Currency Business". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from dla piper: https://www.dlapiper.com/en/japan/insights/publications/2017/12/japan-regulatory-update-on-virtual-currency-business/

Islands, C. (2017, September 7). "Top Ten Risks for the Crypto-Currency Investor". Retrieved June 17, 2020, from lexology: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9d9a95f4-3bd4-42be-8a5d-2948af3f0d2b

Japan Payment Services Act. (2017). In Chapter I General Provisions (p. 1). Tokyo: Japan Government.

Kyriakou, P. (2020, July 24). "Cryptocurrency theft, scam and other misadventures: what prospects for international governance?". Retrieved May 17, 2021, from ejiltalk: https://www.ejiltalk.org/cryptocurrency-theft-scam-and-other-misadventures-what-prospects-for-international-governance/

learning, E. (2021, January 18). "What is blockchain?". Retrieved Feburary 10, 2021, from euromoney: https://www.euromoney.com/learning/blockchain-explained/what-is-blockchain

Lujan, S. (2017, July 28). "Fork Watch: 'Bitcoin Cash' Support Grows as August 1 Draws Near". Retrieved December 14, 2019, from bitcoin.com: https://news.bitcoin.com/fork-watch-bitcoin-cash-support-grows-as-aug-1-draws-near/

Mearian, L. (2019, January 29). "What is blockchain? The complete guide". Retrieved March 19, 2020, from computerworld: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/what-is-blockchain-the-complete-guide.html

Member, F. (2019, November 21). "How Cryptocurrencies Can Help Global Economy and Build a Better Future". Retrieved September 13, 2020, from finextra: https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/18159/how-cryptocurrencies-can-help-global-economy-and-build-a-better-future

Merriam-webster. (2021, January 18). "token". Retrieved March 14, 2021, from merriam-webster dictionary: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/token

MINAMI, T. (2019, May 22). "Japan eyes cryptocurrencies as it toughens money laundering laws". Retrieved january 11, 2021, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/Japan-eyes-cryptocurrencies-as-it-toughens-money-laundering-laws

Nian, L. P., & Chuen, D. L. (2015). Introduction to Bitcoin. In L. P. Nian, & D. L. Chuen, Handbook of Digital Currency (p. 14). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

Nica, O., Piotrowska, K., & Schenk-Hoppé, K. R. (2017). "Cryptocurrencies". University of Manchester, FinTech working paper, 6.

NISHIMURA, H. (2020, June 14). "China takes battle for cryptocurrency hegemony to new stage". Retrieved July 15, 2020, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/China-takes-battle-for-cryptocurrency-hegemony-to-new-stage

Obasogie, G. (2019, March 13). "How Cryptocurrency Payments Are Reducing Transaction Costs Globally". Retrieved May 2, 2020, from Harrison Global Capital: https://harrisonglobal.capital/2019/03/13/how-cryptocurrency-payments-are-reducing-transaction-costs-globally/

Oentoro, A. (2020, March 19). "The Impact of Bitcoin on The Global Economy". Retrieved june 10, 2020, from blockgeeks: https://blockgeeks.com/the-impact-of-bitcoin-on-the-global-economy/

O'NEAL, S. (2018, November 26). "ABC vs SV: Assessing the Consequences of the Bitcoin Cash War". Retrieved March 18, 2020, from cointelegraph: https://cointelegraph.com/news/abc-vs-cv-assessing-the-consequences-of-the-bitcoin-cash-war

Ong, T. (2017, September 18). "China tightens cryptocurrency ban with new directive". Retrieved September 12, 2020, from The Verge: https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/18/16326078/chinese-regulators-ban-cryptocurrency-platforms-bitcoin

Panda, A. (2013, December 6). "People’s Bank of China Issues a Regulatory Notice on Bitcoin". Retrieved May 18, 2020, from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/peoples-bank-of-china-issues-a-regulatory-notice-on-bitcoin/

Peyton, A. (2019, January 30). "Singapore regulator warns of national cryptocurrency scam". Retrieved April 10, 2020, from fintech futures: https://www.fintechfutures.com/2019/01/singapore-regulator-warns-of-national-cryptocurrency-scam/

SHARMA, R. (2020, December 8). "Bitcoin Has A Regulation Problem". Retrieved June 12, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/news/bitcoin-has-regulation-problem/

SHARMA, R. (2020, December 9). "Understanding China's Digital Yuan". Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/understanding-chinas-digital-yuan-5090699

Singapore Payment Services Act . (2019). In Section 5 and 6. Singapore: Singapore Government.

Slattery, T. (2014). "Taking a Bit out of Crime: Bitcoin and Cross-Border Tax Evasion". Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 829-873.

Soh, A., & Tham, F. S. (2020, January 15). "Why Singapore Has Become Asia's Cryptocurrency And Blockchain Hub". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from mondaq: https://www.mondaq.com/fin-tech/883798/why-singapore-has-become-asia39s-cryptocurrency-and-blockchain-hub

Spithoven, A. (2019). "Theory and Reality of Cryptocurrency Governance". Journal of Economic Issues, 385-393.

Supaat, S. (2020, January 6). "Reply to Parliamentary Question on regulation of crypto derivatives on Approved Exchanges". Retrieved from https://www.mas.gov.sg/: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/2020/reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-regulation-of-crypto-derivatives-on-approved-exchanges

Swanson, W. (2015, March 4). "Bitcoin’s Big Opportunity In Africa". Retrieved January 15, 2020, from fastcompany: https://www.fastcompany.com/3038472/bitcoins-big-opportunity-in-africa

Sykes, J. B., Attorney, L., Vanatko, N., & Attorney, L. (2019). "Virtual Currencies and Money Laundering:Legal Background, Enforcement Actions, and Legislative Proposals". Congressional Research Service. Apr, 3, 1-18.

Team, W. (2019, August 15). "Cryptocurrency in Japan: a regulatory overview". Retrieved Auguest 19, 2021, from wirex app: https://wirexapp.com/blog/post/cryptocurrency-in-japan-a-regulatory-overview-0159

Tuwiner, J. (2021, January 8). "Bitcoin Mining in China". Retrieved March 12, 2021, from buy bitcoin worldwide: https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/china/

Umeda, S. (2018). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency: Japan". washington DC: The Law Library of Congress.

Ventura, R. C. (2018, Agust 28). "How Cryptocurrency Improves Developing Countries". Retrieved December 7, 2020, from borgenmagazine: https://www.borgenmagazine.com/cryptocurrency-improves-developing-countries/

Vermaak, W. (2020, July 21). "Singapore Crypto Regulation: A Licensing Guide for DPT Exchanges". Retrieved Auguest 13, 2021, from sygna.io: https://www.sygna.io/blog/singapore-cryptocurrency-regulations-and-digital-payment-token-service-licensing/

WELLS, L. (2020, October 10). "Why Singapore is emerging as global crypto leader". Retrieved nonember 25, 2020, from asia times: https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/why-singapore-is-emerging-as-global-crypto-leader/

Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). "Blockchain Technology Overview". Gaithersburg, Maryland: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).