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فرصت ها و تهدیدات ارزهای دیجیتال برای کنشگران و دولت ها | ||
سیاست جهانی | ||
مقاله 7، دوره 10، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 37، آذر 1400، صفحه 185-218 اصل مقاله (639.86 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/wp.2021.20854.2929 | ||
نویسنده | ||
ناصر قاسمی* | ||
عضو هیات علمی، رئیس گروه جزا و جرم شناسی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری | ||
چکیده | ||
مسئله شناخت رمزارزها با توسعه فناوری نوظهور بلاکچین و گسترش روز افزون تقاضا برای ارزهای دیجیتال، به بحثی مهم در میان متخصصان بسیاری از رشتهها بدل شده است. این نوع جدید از پول که پیش بینی میشود به ارز رایج قرن 21 تبدیل شود، به صورت کدهای رمزنگاری شده بین افراد یا موسسات متصل به شبکه های همتا به همتا، حرکت می کند. فناوری بلاکچین نیز نقش عمدهای در فرایند توسعه این نوع از ارز و معاملات غیر متمرکز آن دارد. ارزهای رمزنگاری شده در عصر حاضر در خط مقدم توسعه اقتصادی و مالی جهان قرار دارند. این امر، فرصت ها و تهدیدات متعددی را در بازارهای مالی سراسر جهان، به وجود آورده و سبب جلب توجه شمار قابل توجهی از دولتها، فعالان اقتصادی و شهروندان به خود شده است. بر همین اساس، تعداد بازیگران درگیر در تجارت ارزهای رمزپایه در سالهای اخیر، افزایش چشمگیری یافته است.در این نوشتار، تلاش بر آن است که عملکرد ارزهای رمزنگاری شده، تأثیر آن بر اقتصاد و تهیدیدات و فرصتهای توسعه این فناوری با مطالعه تجربه سه کشور حوزه شرق آسیا که از پیشگامان این عرصه هستند، به شیوه توصیفی تحلیلی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. پژوهش حاضر، به جهت بدیع بودن و تازگی این حوزه مطالعاتی، به دو بخش توصیفی و تبیینی تقسیم میشود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
رمزارز؛ ارز دیجیتال؛ بلاکچین؛ اقتصاد دیجیتال؛ حکمرانی | ||
مراجع | ||
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"Cryptocurrencies Regulatory Landscape in Singapore". (2020, June 18). Retrieved December 7, 2020, from Scorechain: https://blog.scorechain.com/cryptocurrencies-regulatory-landscape-in-singapore/
"No Strong Case to Ban Crypto Trading, Singapore Says". (2018, February 17). Retrieved June 12, 2020, from bitcoin: https://news.bitcoin.com/no-strong-case-to-ban-crypto-trading-singapore-says/
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"what is ethereum?". (2021, February 4). Retrieved July 28, 2021, from ethereum: https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/
"WHAT IS LITECOIN?". (2021, February 11). Retrieved July 21, 2021, from litecoin: https://litecoin.org/
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Aldaz-Carroll, E., & Aldaz-Carroll, E. (2018, February 1). "Can cryptocurrencies and blockchain help fight corruption?". Retrieved june 15, 2021, from Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/02/01/can-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain-help-fight-corruption/
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FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, May 5). "Cryptocurrency". Retrieved July 2, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cryptocurrency.asp
FRANKENFIELD, J. (2020, June 30). "CryptoTokens". Retrieved November 1, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crypto-token.asp#:~:text=Crypto%20tokens%20are%20a%20type,raise%20funds%20for%20crowd%20sales.
Gandal, N., Hamrick, J., Moore, T., & Oberman, T. (2018). "Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem". Journal of Monetary Economics, 86-96.
Goitom, H. (2018, June). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions". In The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Washington, DC: ReportJune.
Ho, H. M., & Law, J. (2020, September 6). "The Virtual Currency Regulation Review: Singapore". Retrieved October 21, 2020, from the lawr eviews: https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-virtual-currency-regulation-review/singapore
Huang, R. (2019, December 31). "Why China Is So Afraid Of Cryptocurrencies". Retrieved May 1, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerhuang/2020/12/31/why-china-is-so-afraid-of-cryptocurrencies/?sh=1ff4dff832e6
Ishida, M., Mears, E., & Takeda, R. (2017, December 29). "Japan Regulatory Update on Virtual Currency Business". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from dla piper: https://www.dlapiper.com/en/japan/insights/publications/2017/12/japan-regulatory-update-on-virtual-currency-business/
Islands, C. (2017, September 7). "Top Ten Risks for the Crypto-Currency Investor". Retrieved June 17, 2020, from lexology: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9d9a95f4-3bd4-42be-8a5d-2948af3f0d2b
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Kyriakou, P. (2020, July 24). "Cryptocurrency theft, scam and other misadventures: what prospects for international governance?". Retrieved May 17, 2021, from ejiltalk: https://www.ejiltalk.org/cryptocurrency-theft-scam-and-other-misadventures-what-prospects-for-international-governance/
learning, E. (2021, January 18). "What is blockchain?". Retrieved Feburary 10, 2021, from euromoney: https://www.euromoney.com/learning/blockchain-explained/what-is-blockchain
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Mearian, L. (2019, January 29). "What is blockchain? The complete guide". Retrieved March 19, 2020, from computerworld: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/what-is-blockchain-the-complete-guide.html
Member, F. (2019, November 21). "How Cryptocurrencies Can Help Global Economy and Build a Better Future". Retrieved September 13, 2020, from finextra: https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/18159/how-cryptocurrencies-can-help-global-economy-and-build-a-better-future
Merriam-webster. (2021, January 18). "token". Retrieved March 14, 2021, from merriam-webster dictionary: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/token
MINAMI, T. (2019, May 22). "Japan eyes cryptocurrencies as it toughens money laundering laws". Retrieved january 11, 2021, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/Japan-eyes-cryptocurrencies-as-it-toughens-money-laundering-laws
Nian, L. P., & Chuen, D. L. (2015). Introduction to Bitcoin. In L. P. Nian, & D. L. Chuen, Handbook of Digital Currency (p. 14). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.
Nica, O., Piotrowska, K., & Schenk-Hoppé, K. R. (2017). "Cryptocurrencies". University of Manchester, FinTech working paper, 6.
NISHIMURA, H. (2020, June 14). "China takes battle for cryptocurrency hegemony to new stage". Retrieved July 15, 2020, from Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/China-takes-battle-for-cryptocurrency-hegemony-to-new-stage
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Oentoro, A. (2020, March 19). "The Impact of Bitcoin on The Global Economy". Retrieved june 10, 2020, from blockgeeks: https://blockgeeks.com/the-impact-of-bitcoin-on-the-global-economy/
O'NEAL, S. (2018, November 26). "ABC vs SV: Assessing the Consequences of the Bitcoin Cash War". Retrieved March 18, 2020, from cointelegraph: https://cointelegraph.com/news/abc-vs-cv-assessing-the-consequences-of-the-bitcoin-cash-war
Ong, T. (2017, September 18). "China tightens cryptocurrency ban with new directive". Retrieved September 12, 2020, from The Verge: https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/18/16326078/chinese-regulators-ban-cryptocurrency-platforms-bitcoin
Panda, A. (2013, December 6). "People’s Bank of China Issues a Regulatory Notice on Bitcoin". Retrieved May 18, 2020, from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/peoples-bank-of-china-issues-a-regulatory-notice-on-bitcoin/
Peyton, A. (2019, January 30). "Singapore regulator warns of national cryptocurrency scam". Retrieved April 10, 2020, from fintech futures: https://www.fintechfutures.com/2019/01/singapore-regulator-warns-of-national-cryptocurrency-scam/
SHARMA, R. (2020, December 8). "Bitcoin Has A Regulation Problem". Retrieved June 12, 2021, from investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/news/bitcoin-has-regulation-problem/
SHARMA, R. (2020, December 9). "Understanding China's Digital Yuan". Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/understanding-chinas-digital-yuan-5090699
Singapore Payment Services Act . (2019). In Section 5 and 6. Singapore: Singapore Government.
Slattery, T. (2014). "Taking a Bit out of Crime: Bitcoin and Cross-Border Tax Evasion". Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 829-873.
Soh, A., & Tham, F. S. (2020, January 15). "Why Singapore Has Become Asia's Cryptocurrency And Blockchain Hub". Retrieved May 12, 2020, from mondaq: https://www.mondaq.com/fin-tech/883798/why-singapore-has-become-asia39s-cryptocurrency-and-blockchain-hub
Spithoven, A. (2019). "Theory and Reality of Cryptocurrency Governance". Journal of Economic Issues, 385-393.
Supaat, S. (2020, January 6). "Reply to Parliamentary Question on regulation of crypto derivatives on Approved Exchanges". Retrieved from https://www.mas.gov.sg/: https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/2020/reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-regulation-of-crypto-derivatives-on-approved-exchanges
Swanson, W. (2015, March 4). "Bitcoin’s Big Opportunity In Africa". Retrieved January 15, 2020, from fastcompany: https://www.fastcompany.com/3038472/bitcoins-big-opportunity-in-africa
Sykes, J. B., Attorney, L., Vanatko, N., & Attorney, L. (2019). "Virtual Currencies and Money Laundering:Legal Background, Enforcement Actions, and Legislative Proposals". Congressional Research Service. Apr, 3, 1-18.
Team, W. (2019, August 15). "Cryptocurrency in Japan: a regulatory overview". Retrieved Auguest 19, 2021, from wirex app: https://wirexapp.com/blog/post/cryptocurrency-in-japan-a-regulatory-overview-0159
Tuwiner, J. (2021, January 8). "Bitcoin Mining in China". Retrieved March 12, 2021, from buy bitcoin worldwide: https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/china/
Umeda, S. (2018). "Regulation of Cryptocurrency: Japan". washington DC: The Law Library of Congress.
Ventura, R. C. (2018, Agust 28). "How Cryptocurrency Improves Developing Countries". Retrieved December 7, 2020, from borgenmagazine: https://www.borgenmagazine.com/cryptocurrency-improves-developing-countries/
Vermaak, W. (2020, July 21). "Singapore Crypto Regulation: A Licensing Guide for DPT Exchanges". Retrieved Auguest 13, 2021, from sygna.io: https://www.sygna.io/blog/singapore-cryptocurrency-regulations-and-digital-payment-token-service-licensing/
WELLS, L. (2020, October 10). "Why Singapore is emerging as global crypto leader". Retrieved nonember 25, 2020, from asia times: https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/why-singapore-is-emerging-as-global-crypto-leader/
Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). "Blockchain Technology Overview". Gaithersburg, Maryland: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). | ||
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