تعداد نشریات | 31 |
تعداد شمارهها | 743 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,073 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 10,149,531 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,857,502 |
تاثیر تغییرات آب و هوایی وسیاستهای کشاورزی بر شکل گیری زمینه های جنگ داخلی سوریه | ||
سیاست جهانی | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 8، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 28، شهریور 1398، صفحه 41-66 اصل مقاله (890.59 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/wp.2019.3683 | ||
نویسنده | ||
معصومه رادگودرزی* | ||
استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه گیلان | ||
چکیده | ||
رابطه میان تغییرات آب و هوایی، سیاستهای کشاورزی و بحران آب با مسئله امنیت ملی و بین المللی در چند دهه اخیر موضوع نگرانی و پژوهش سازمانهای بین المللی، موسسات مطالعاتی و اندیشمندان بوده است. این بحران می تواند امنیت انرژی، امنیت آب و امنیت غذایی را در سطوح ملی، منطقه ای و بین المللی مختل نماید و موجب ایجاد واکنش های زنجیره ای در کل سیستم سیاسی و اقتصادی گردد. یکی از کشورهایی که در دو دهه اخیر به شدت درگیر بحران تغییرات آب و هوایی و بحران خشکسالی بوده، کشور سوریه می باشد. در میان بسیاری از عوامل تاریخی، سیاسی و اقتصادی که موجب شروع تنشها در سوریه شده اند، بحران کم آبی برای سوریه بسیار ویرانگر بوده، اما هنوز توجه درخوری به تاثیرات آن نشده است. این عامل نقش پیچیده، ظریف و در عین حال قدرتمندی در تحولات سوریه داشته است. هدف مقاله حاضر آن است تا با محور قرار دادن خشکسالی گسترده 2006-2010 سوریه، نقش احتمالی سیاستهای کشاورزی دولت و نیز پدیده خشکسالی را به عنوان یک متغیر اساسی در تشدید نارضایتی از حکومت سوریه و شروع درگیری های داخلی مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
جنگ داخلی سوریه؛ سیاست های کشاورزی؛ بحران آب؛ تغییرات آب و هوایی؛ امنیت غذایی | ||
مراجع | ||
دالبی، سایمون، (1399) . "دگرگونی محیط زیست"، در: پل .دی. ویلیامز: در آمدی بر بررسی های امنیت، ترجمه علیرضا طیب، انتشارات امیر کبیر. دوئرتی، جیمز و فالتزگراف، رابرت. (1384). نظریه های متعارض در روابط بین الملل، ترجمه وحید بزرگی و علیرضا طیب، تهران: نشر قومس.
Ababsa, Myriam, (2011). Agrarian Counter-Reform in Syria (2000-2010) In Raymond Hinnebusch et al, Agriculture and Reform in Syria (pp. 83-107). Fife: St Andrews Centre for Syrian Studies.
Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad and Svadkovsky, Oskar. (2012). “Demography Is Destiny in Syria,” The American Spectator, February 6, 2012, www.meforum.org/3170/syria-demography.
Araabi, Samer. (2012). 11 Key Things You Should Know about the Bloodshed in Syria, Alter Net, https://www.alternet.org/2012/06/11_key_things_you_should_know_about_the_bloodshed_in_syria/.
Barnes, Jessica. (2009), ‘Managing the Waters of Bath Country: The Politics of Water Scarcity in Syria’, Geopolitics, Vol.14, No.3, p.515. 530.
Breisinger Clemens, Ecker Olivier, Al-Riffai Perrihan, Yu Bingxin, (2012). Beyond the Arab Awakening: Policies and Investments for Poverty Reeducation and Food Security, International Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC.
Brown, Abigail. (2008) ‘Middle East Faces Widespread Drought and Devastated Crops’, Alertnet, https://www.alternet.org/story/95085/middle_east_faces_widespread_drought_and_devastated_crops.
Confidential Cable from the American Embassy in Damascus to the US State Department http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=08DAMASCUS847&q=act%20and%20as%20economic%20multiplier%20on%20pressures%20soci.
De Schutter, Olivier (2010). “Two to Three Million Syrians Face Food Insecurity,” According to UN Food Expert. Press Release, 7 September; available at: http://www.srfood.org/en/mission-to-syria-four-years-of-drought.
Dixon, Thomas. (1991), "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict". International Security, Vol. 16, fall.
Erian, W. (2011) Drought Vulnerability in the Arab Region (UN off Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva). Available at reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3074.pdf.
Femia, Francesco, and Werrell, Caitlin (2013), Syria: Climate change, drought, and social unrest. The Center for Climate and Security. Available online at http://climateandsecurity.org/2012/02/29/syria-climate-change-drought-and-social-unrest/.
Gleick, Peter (2014). Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria. Weather, Climate and Society, Vol. 6. pp. 331-340.
Goulden, Robert. (2011). Housing, Inequality, and Economic Change in Syria’. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 38, 2011 - Issue 2, Pages 187-202.
Haidar, Dalia and de Chatel, Francesca. (2009). ‘Leaving the Land’, Syria Today, May 2009, pp.35–57.
Hinnebusch, Rymond. ‘Syria: From “Authoritarian Upgrading” to Revolution? International Affairs, Vol.88, No.1 (2012), pp.95–113.
Hobler, Manfred and Rajab, Refat. (2002), Groundwater Vulnerability and Hazards to Groundwater in the Damascus Ghouta Plain in Syria’, Arab Center for the Study of Arid Zones and Dry Lands and Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe.
Hoff, Holger, (2012). ‘Climate Change, Impacts and Adaptation in the MENA Region, with Focus on Syria’, Stockholm Environment Institute and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, pp. 9–10.
Hole. Frank. (2009), ‘Drivers of Unsustainable Land Use in the Semi-Arid Khabur River Basin, Syria’, Geographical Research, Vol.47, No.1 pp.4–14.
Http: // wikileaks.org/cable/2008/11/08DAMASCUS847.html.
Huete Alfredo, et al. (2002) Overview of the Radiometric and Biophysical Performance of the MODIS Vegetation Indices, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 83, Issue, 1–2, pp. 195-213.
Kahi, Colin. (2006). Scarcity and the Civil Strife in the Developing World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kelly, Collin et all. (2015), Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. PNAS, March 17, vol. 112, no. 11. pp. 3241–3246.
Kolodziej, Edward (1992)," What is Security and Security Studies: Lessons from the Cold War". Arms Control: Contemporary Security Policy13, no 1.
Lennert, Jacob. (2009). Tough Times’, Syria Today Magazine, May 2009.
Massoud, Ali. (2010), Years of Drought: A Report on the Effects of Drought on the Syrian, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Middle East Office.
Malone, Elizabeth L. (2012). Climate Change and National Security, Policy Forum, DOI: 10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00016.1.
Nehme, Nawal, (2008). The Contribution of Agriculture to the Process of Economic Reforms in Syria, Natl Agric Policy Cent, Damascus, Syria.
Report No. 22602-SYR, Syrian Arab Republic Irrigation Sector Report, August 6, 2001, Rural Development, Water and Environment Group, Middle East and North Africa Region Document of the World Bank.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food on his Mission to Syria (UN-HCR), (2011), Addendum, United Nations Human Rights Council, 27 Jan.
Salamini, Francesco, et al. (2002) Genetics and Geography of Wild Cereal Domestication in the Near East. Nat Rev Genet 3 (6): pp. 429–441.
Saleeby, Suzanne. (2012): Sowing the seeds of dissent: Economic grievances and the Syrian social contract’s unraveling. http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/4383/sowing-the-seeds-of-dissent_economic-grievances-an.
Schwartz, peter and Doug Randall. (2003)," An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security, The High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council. March 2003.
Shadid, Anthony Time Is Running Out for a Better Future for Syria November 8, 2011 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/anthony-shadid-time-is-running-out-for-a-better-future-for-syria/.
Shahrzad Mohtadi, (2012). Climate Change and the Syrian Uprising 16 August 2012. https://thebulletin.org/climate-change-and-syrian-uprising.
Sprout, Harold & Margaret. (1968). An Ecological Paradigm for the Study of International Politics, Princeton: Center for International Studies.
Solh, Mahmoud (September 27, 2010) Tackling the Drought in Syria. Nature Middle East. https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2010.206.
Syrian Agricultural Database, 2012, available at http://www.napcsyr.org/sadb.htm.
Trigo Ricardo, Gouveia Celia, Barriopedro David, (2010). The Intense 2007–2009 Drought in the Fertile Crescent: Impacts and Associated Atmospheric Circulation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 150, Issue 9, 15 August 2010, pp. 1245-1257.
UN. OCAH. (2009) Syria Drought Response Plan, 2009-2010, http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/syria-drought-response-plan-2009-2010.
United Nations High Commissions for Refugees (NU-HCR), (2010) Iraqi Refugees in Syria Reluctant to Return to Home Permanently: Survey (UN High Commission Refugees, Geneva). http://www.unhcr.org/4caf376c6.html.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN-OCHA, (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food on his Mission to Syria, Addendum, United Nations Human Rights Council, 27 Jan. 2011 (UN-HCR, 2011).
UNITED NATIONS, (2010). Syria Drought Response Plan, 2009-2010, MID-TERM REVIEW, FEBRUARY 2010.
US Census Bureau (2014) International Database (US Census Bur, Washington, DC). http://www. census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php.
US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (2014) Production, Supply and Distribution Online (US Dep Agric, Washington, DC). Available at fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdQuery.aspx.
US Embassy Damascus. (2008a). Political Impact of Syria's Records-low Wheat Harvest. US Diplomatic Cable 08DAMASCUS518_a (20 July); https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08DAMASCUS518_a.html. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,093 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 693 |