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Quantifying the effect of traffic on lead accumulation in soil: a case study in Iran | ||
| Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences | ||
| مقاله 11، دوره 6، شماره 1، فروردین 2008، صفحه 11-17 اصل مقاله (445.98 K) | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Kh. Enayatzamir* 1؛ M Amini2؛ Gh. Savaghebi3؛ KC. Abbaspour4 | ||
| 1Soil Science Engineering Department, Agriculture College, Tehran University. Tehran | ||
| 2Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland | ||
| 3Soil Science Engineering Department, Agriculture College, Tehran University. Tehran. | ||
| 4Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Road transport is a ubiquitous source of lead contamination in the soil near highways with direct and indirect impacts on human health. Accumulation of traffic-induced lead in the soils depends on gasoline lead content, traffic volume, as well as meteorological conditions. To evaluate the effect of traffic on soil lead concentration, 113 samples from the topsoil (0-15 cm) were collected in a regularly spaced grid (70 x 70 m) in the vicinity of a busy highway (Tehran-Karaj) ;the west of Tehran. Total lead (Pb) concentration in soil samples was extracted by 4 M HNO3. Three different kriging techniques (ordinary, universal and indicator kriging) were applied to investigate the spatial distribution of Pb. According to the measured values, the average concentration of Pb (48 mg kg -1) was very close to the upper limit of the Swiss guide value of 50 mg kg-1 with the maximum value (75 mg kg-1) exceeding this limit. The result also showed an accumulation of 5 to 25 mg kg-1 Pb in the soil based on the distance from the highway. The average concentration of Pb decreased exponentially with distance from the highway up to 200 m becoming relatively constant thereafter. The trend of spatial continuity of Pb concentration was in agreement with major wind direction. Comparing different kriging techniques indicated that UK was superior due to smaller error of estimation. The probability map of Pd concentration exceeding the Swiss guide value clearly shows the traffic to be the main cause of soil Pb contamination. REFERENCES Al –Chalabi, A. and Hawker, D. (2000) Distribution of vehicular lead in roadside soils of major roads of Brisbane, Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 118, 299-310. Amini, M., Afyuni, M., Khademi, H., Abbaspour, K.C. and Schulin, R. (2005) Mapping risk of cadmium and lead contamination to human health in soils of Central Iran. Sci. Total Environ. 347, 64-77. 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(In: Barnett V, Turkman K, Stein A, (Eds), Statistics for the environment: 4 Statistical aspects of health and the environment. pp. 303–36, Chichester & Wiley. Rahmani, H.R., Kalbasi, M. and Hajrasoliha, S. (2001) lead-polluted soil along some Iranian highways. J. Sci & Tech Agric & Nat Resour. 4, 4. Saito, H. and Goovaerts, P. (2001) Accounting for source location and transport direction into geostatistical prediction of contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4823-4829. Starks, T.H. and Fang, J.H. (1982) The effect of drift on the experimental semivariogram. Mathematical Geology. 14, 309-319 Sutherland, R.A., Tolosa, C.A., Tack, F.M.G. & Verloo, M.G. (2000) Characterization of selected element concentrations and enrichment ratios in background and anthropogenically impacted roadside areas. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 38, 428-438 VBBo (Swiss Federal Office of Environment, Forest and Landscape). (1998) Commentary on the ordinance relating to pollutants in soils. (VBBo of July 1), Bern. Viard, B., Francios, P., Sanderine, P. and Pihan, J.C. (2004) Integrated assessment of heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) highway pollution: bioaccumulation in soil, Graminaceae and Land Snails. Chemosphere. 55, 1349 – 1359 Wong, C.S.C. and Li, X.D. (2004) Pb contamination and isotopic composition of urban soils in Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ. 319, 185-195. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Lead accumulation؛ Traffic؛ Universal kriging؛ Highway pollution؛ Iran | ||
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