چالش‌ها و تسهیل‌گرهای فرآیند مادر شدن زنان ورزشکار در ایران

Abbasi, M., Hosseini Chavoshi, M., & Benihashemi, F. (2018). Fertility trends in Iran based on survey results. Research Report, Center for Statistical Research. [Link] [In Persian]

Afzali, M., & Entezari, A. (2020). The status of motherhood from the perspective of Motahhari in comparison with feminism. Strategic Studies of Basij, 23(86), 81-111. [Link] [In Persian]

Albright, C.L., Maddock, J.E., & Nigg, C. R. (2006). Physical activity before pregnancy and following childbirth in a multiethnic sample of healthy women in Hawaii. Women & Health, 42(3), 95-110. [https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v42n03_06]

Andersson, R., & Barker-Ruchti, N. (2018). Career paths of Swedish top-level women soccer players. Soccer & Society, 20, 1–15. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2018.1431775]

Appleby, K.M., & Fisher, L.A. (2009). Running in and out of motherhood: Elite distance runners’ experiences of returning to competition after pregnancy. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 18(1), 3–17.  [https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.18.1.3]

Barr, S. (2019). Olympic athlete Allyson Felix says Nike wanted to pay her 70% less after giving birth. The Independent. Available online at: Link

Batey, J., & Owton, H. (2014). Team mums: Team sport experiences of athletic mothers. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 22(1), 30–36. [https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0010]

Bergsvik, J., Agnes, F., & Rannveig, K. (2021). Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi-) Experimental Literature. Population and Development Review, 47(4), 913– 64. [https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12445]

Bø, K., & Backe-Hansen, K. L. (2007). Do elite athletes experience low back, pelvic girdle, and pelvic floor complaints during and after pregnancy? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 17, 480–487. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00599.x]

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. [https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa]

Caro, C.V., O'Leary, N., Trow, S., Bell, Z., Payne, E., Silverio, S. A., Lavelle, F., & Flynn, A. C. (2025). Returning to sport after pregnancy: A qualitative study of elite female athletes in the UK. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.11.009]

Cecić Erpič, S. (2002). Konec Športne Kariere: Razvojno Psihološki in Športno Psihološki Vidiki [The End of Sports Career: Developmental Psychological and Sports Psychological Aspects]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Faculty of Sports. [Link]

Cecić Erpič, S., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 45–59. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00046-8]

Cosh, S., & Crabb, P.T. (2015). A champion out of the pool? A discursive exploration of two Australian olympic swimmers' transition from elite sport to retirement. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 33-41. [10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.006]

Culvin, A., & Bowes, A. (2021). The incompatibility of motherhood and professional women's football in England. Frontiers in Sports Act. Living, 3, Article 730151. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.730151]

Darroch, F., & Hillsburg, H. (2017). Keeping pace: Mother versus athlete identity among elite long distance runners. Women's Studies International Forum, 62, 61-68. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.005]

Davenport, M. H., Nesdoly, A., Ray, L., et al. (2024). “Is it realistic?”: A qualitative study of the experiences of elite women athletes considering parenthood. Sports Medicine, 1-11. [Link]

De Beauvoir, S. (1975), The Second Sex trans. H. M. Parshley. New York: Alfred A. Knopf [Link]

Dipietro, L., Evenson, K. R., & Bloodgood, B. (2019). Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: An umbrella review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 1292-1302. [https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001941]

Fukai, T. (2017). Childcare Availability and Fertility: Evidence from Municipalities in Japan. Japanese and International Economies, 43,1–18. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2017.01.002]

FIFPro World Players' Union (2017). Global Employment Report: Working Conditions in Professional Women's Football. Hoofddorp. [Link]

FIFPro World Players' Union (2020). New maternity regulations provide female footballers with more opportunities. Hoofddorp. [Link]

Gauthier, A.H., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2024). Family Policies in Low Fertility Countries: Evidence and Reflections. Population and Development Review, 51(1), 125-161. [https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12691]

Goodwin, A., Astbury, J., & McMeeken, J. (2000). Body image and psychological wellbeing in pregnancy: A comparison of exercisers and non-exercisers. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 40(4), 442-447. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2000.tb01178.x]

Grau González A, Sánchez Del Pino A, Amezcua-Prieto C, Møller Luef B, Anne Vinter C, Stener Jorgensen J, García-Valdés L. (2024). An umbrella review of systematic reviews on interventions of physical activity before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum to control and/or reduce weight gain. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 166(3), 915-931. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15453]

Hanson, J.L., Balmer, D.F., & Giardino, A.P. (2011) Qualitative Research Methods for Medical Educators. Academic Pediatrics, 11, 375-386. [Link]

Johansen, B.T., Nordnes, E.S., & Solstad, B.E. (2024). ‘Busy as a bee’: A qualitative dual analysis of life fulfillment among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers in endurance sports. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 16(1), 102-115. [https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2023.2243969]

Kulkarni, S., McGannon, K. R., & Pegoraro, A. (2024). Expanding understanding of elite athlete parenthood in socio-cultural context: A meta-synthesis of qualitative media research findings on motherhood and sport. Sport in Society, 27(8), 1254-1273. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2270427]

Laney, E. K., Hall, M. E. L., Anderson, T. L., et al. (2015). Becoming a mother: The influence of motherhood on women’s identity development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1023440]

Liddelow, C., White, B., Arnold, E., & Vella, S. A. (2023). A cross-sectional study of the psychosocial predictors of re-engaging in team sport during early motherhood. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 25, 100555. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100555]

Martinez-Pascual, B., Abuín-Porras, V., Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres, M., Martínez-Piedrola, R. M., Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., & Palacios-Ceña, D. (2016). Experiencing the body during pregnancy: A qualitative research study among Spanish sportswomen. Women & Health, 56(3), 345-360. [https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2015.1088118]

Massey, K. L. and A. E. Whitehead (2022). "Pregnancy and motherhood in elite sport: The longitudinal experiences of two elite athletes." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 60: 102139. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102139]

Mcdonald, P. (2006). Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 485-510 [Link]

McGannon, K. R., Curtin, K., Schinke, R. J., & Schweinbenz, A. N. (2012). (De)constructing Paula Radcliffe: Exploring media representations of elite running, pregnancy and motherhood through cultural sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 820–829. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.005]

McGannon, K. R., Gonsalves, C. A., Schinke, R. J., & Busanich, R. (2015). Negotiating motherhood and athletic identity: A qualitative analysis of Olympic athlete mother representations in media narratives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 51–59. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.010]

McGregor, B., McGrath, R., Young, J., & Nottle, C. (2024). A scoping review of the experiences of elite female athletes concerning pregnancy and motherhood. Sport in Society, 27(8), 1221-1253. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2270438]

McGannon, K. R., Tatarnic, E., & McMahon, J. (2019). The Long and winding road: An autobiographic study of an elite athlete Mother's journey to winning gold. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(4), 385-404. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1512535]

Mertens, M. (2020). Maternity leave – Not higher pay – is the WNBA's real win. The Athletic. Available online at: [Link]

Mirzaei, P. , Vaez, N. and Talebian, M. H. (2022). Challenges of Population Policies on Childbearing and Reproductive Health After the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System, 10(1), 19-27. [https://doi.org/10.30476/jhsss.2021.89161.1161]

Mottahari, M. (1984). Men and Women Rights from Islamic aspects. The secretarial of the study plan insights, First volume. Qom: Iran [Link][Persian]

Moesch, K., Mayer, C., & Elbe, A.M. (2012). Reasons for career termination in Danish elite athletes: Investigating gender differences and the time-point as potential correlates. Sport Science Review, 21(5-6), 49–68. [https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-012-0018-2]

Palmer, F.R., & Leberman, S.I. (2009). Elite athletes as mothers: Managing multiple identities. Sport Management Review, 12(4), 241-255. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.001

Pearce, J. (2024). Achieving motherhood: A qualitative analysis of MLM success stories online. Feminist Media Studies, 24(1), 1-17. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2172056]

Razeghi -Nasrabad, H. B. , Askari-Nodoushan, A. and Tanhaa, F. (2025). Structural Solutions to Remove Barriers to Childbearing; Analysis of the Perspectives of Employed Women in the Social Security Organization. Social Studies and Research in Iran, 14(3), 451-470. [https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2025.394507.1617] [In Persian]

Reints, A. (2011). Validation of the Holistic Athletic Career Model and Identification of Variables Related to Athletic Retirement. Brussels, Belgium: Vubpress. [Link]

Routray, S., & Gaur, R. (2025). A postcolonial feminist representation of motherhood in recent Bollywood sports movies. Women's Studies International Forum, 109, 103062. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2025.103062]

Sadeghi, R., & Shahabi, Z. (2019). Work and motherhood conflict: The experience of transitioning to motherhood among working women in Tehran. Applied Sociology (Humanities Research Journal of Isfahan University), 73, 91-104 [https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2018.106988.1197]

Seddighi, S., & Zokaei, M.S. (2015). Femininity and Sport. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13(2), 67-92. [https://doi.org/10.22051/jwsps.2015.2050]

Shams-Ghahfarokhi, F., Askari-Nodoushan, A., Eini-Zinab, H., Ruhani, A., & Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J. (2021). Challenges of New Pronatalist Population Policies and Programs in Iran: A Qualitative Study in the City of Isfahan. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 16(32), 79-112. [https://doi.org/10.22034/jpai.2022.559285.1242] [In Persian]

Smith, B., & McGannon, K. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101-122. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357]

Spowart, L. (2024). Navigating divorce, single-motherhood and long-distance triathlon: A visual-autoethnography. Sport in Society, 27(8), 1293-1313. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2278621]

Stambulova, N., Alfermann, D., Statler, T., & Côté, J. (2009). ISSP position stand: Career development and transitions of athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(4), 395–412. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671916]

Statistical Center of Iran (2020) Calculation of total fertility by direct method with different data sources by province. 1144-1525. [Link] [In Persian]

Tekavc, J., Wylleman, P., & Cecić Erpič, S. (2020). Becoming a mother-athlete: Female athletes’ transition to motherhood in Slovenia. Sport in Society, 23(4), 734-750. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1720200]

Walsh, B., Whittaker, E., Cronin, C., & Whitehead, A. (2018). ‘Net mums’: a narrative account of participants’ experiences within a netball intervention. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 604-619 [https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1449765]

Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In M. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective. 507–527. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. [Link]

Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & De Knop, P. (2013). A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In P. Sotiaradou & V. De Bosscher (Eds.), Managing high performance sport (pp. 159–182). New York: Routledge. [Link]

Zhang, TT., Cai, XY., Shi, XH., Zhu, W., & Shan, SN. (2023). The Effect of Family Fertility Support Policies on Fertility, Their Contribution, and Policy Pathways to Fertility Improvement in OECD Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4790. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064790]