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از اسطوره فرهنگ فقر تا واقعیت نظامهای فقرزا: خوانشی انتقادی از زیست فرودستان در دولتآباد و کولیآباد کرمانشاه | ||
| دانش شهرسازی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 9، شماره 4، دی 1404، صفحه 157-176 اصل مقاله (1.31 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22124/upk.2025.31408.2054 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| کسری آشوری* 1؛ پویا جودی گل لر2 | ||
| 1استادیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشگاه تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بیان مسئله: این پژوهش با رویکرد اتنوگرافی انتقادی، تجربه زیسته گروههای فرودست شهری در دو سکونتگاه خودانگیختهی شهری دولتآباد و آقاجان کرمانشاه را واکاوی میکند. نقطهی عزیمت این مطالعه، نقد گفتمان فرهنگ فقر بهعنوان روایتی ایدئولوژیک است که فقر را محصول باورها و الگوهای رفتاری فقرا، نه نتیجهی ساختارهای نابرابر اقتصادی–سیاسی، معرفی میکند. این گفتمان، در سیاستگذاری شهری ایران نیز، بهویژه از دهه ۱۳۷۰ به بعد، به شکلهای آشکار و پنهان بازتولید شده است. هدف: این نوشتار به بازخوانی روایتهای ساکنان برای آشکارسازی پیوند میان تجربه فردی، ساختارهای سلطه، اشکال مقاومت و الگوهای بازتولید فقر و نقد نگاه فرهنگگرایانه به فقر میپردازد. روش: مطالعه حاضر با بهرهگیری از مشاهدهی مشارکتی عمیق، مصاحبههای نیمهساختیافته (۴۸ مصاحبه در دولتآباد و ۳۹ مصاحبه در آقاجان) و یادداشتبرداری میدانی، به بازخوانی روایتهای ساکنان پرداخته است. تحلیل دادهها با نرمافزار MAXQDA و بر اساس چهار شاخص اصلی ذهنیت حاشیهنشین، بازتولید نسلی فقر، برچسبزنی و انگ اجتماعی و مقاومت فرهنگی و سازگاری انجام شد تا پیوند میان تجربه فردی و ساختارهای سلطه، اشکال مقاومت، و الگوهای بازتولید فقر آشکار گردد یافتهها: یافتهها نشان میدهد که هرچند هر دو محله در بستر محرومیت ساختاری و طرد فضایی شکل گرفتهاند، اما مسیرهای زیست و مقاومت در آنها تفاوتهای معناداری دارد. دولتآباد با معابر عریضتر، بازارچههای محلی و شبکههای اجتماعی متنوع، فضایی برای کنش اقتصادی خرد و بازتعریف هویت مکانی ایجاد کرده است. در مقابل، آقاجان با زیرساختهای محدود، انسداد دسترسی و کمبود فرصت شغلی پایدار، بازتولید نسلی فقر را تشدید و ظرفیت سازگاری را کاهش میدهد. نتیجه گیری: این پژوهش نشان داد فقر نه «فرهنگیِ گریزناپذیر»، که «فرآیندی فقرزا»ست که در پیوندِ ساختار–فضا–قدرت شکل میگیرد. هر جا ساختِ فرصت به سود تهیدستان تغییر کند، فرهنگ نیز تغییر میکند؛ و این همان درس مرکزی قومنگاری انتقادی برای برنامهریزی شهری است: تغییر فضا، سیاستِ مؤثرِ تغییر فرهنگ است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| فرهنگ فقر؛ اتنوگرافی انتقادی؛ زیست غیررسمی؛ بازتولید نسلی فقر؛ کرمانشاه | ||
| مراجع | ||
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